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. 2025 Jul 15:16:1545436.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1545436. eCollection 2025.

Low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-uninfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hui-Bin Huang  1 , Jia-Heng Shi  1 , Yan-Ge Hu  1 , Yi-Bing Zhu  1 , Da-Xing Yu  1
Affiliations

Low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-uninfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hui-Bin Huang et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

Background: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the recommended first-line prophylactic agent against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). However, the standard regimen is often discontinued due to its drug-associated adverse events (AEs), especially in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of a low-dose regimen of TMP-SMX against PJP prophylaxis in patients without infection.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database for relevant articles from inception to 15 October 2024. Studies were included if they reported the safety and efficacy of using TMP-SMX in PJP prophylaxis in patients without HIV infection. The primary outcome was the discontinuation rate. We assessed study quality and performed sensitivity and subgroup analysis to explore potential heterogeneity among the included studies.

Results: Seventeen studies with 4,890 patients were included. These studies were low to modest in quality. Overall, the incidence of PJP in the included studies was rare and was similar between the low- and standard-dose groups. However, the low-dose regimen significantly reduced the risk of discontinuation rate (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.27-0.52; I 2 = 0%; P < 0.00001). Further sensitivity and subgroup analyses confirmed this finding. Estimation of the combined discontinuation rate for patients receiving low-dose TMP-SMX was 10% (95% CI, 4%-16%). The low-dose regimen also significantly reduced total AEs (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24-0.46; I 2 = 22%; P < 0.00001) and improved the incidence of most specific AEs (ORs ranged from 0.24 to 0.67), especially in outcomes of fever, rash, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, and liver and renal function (P values ranged from 0.0001 to 0.02).

Conclusion: Our findings suggested that a low-dose TMP-SMX regimen is safe and significantly reduces the discontinuation rate and total AEs compared to the standard regimen against PJP in HIV-uninfected patients. Thus, it is a potentially promising prophylactic regimen, and more well-designed, high-quality research should be conducted.

Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2024-4-0084/.

Keywords: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; discontinuation rate; meta-analysis; prophylaxis; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flow chart of literature selection.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Forest plots of discontinuation rate of low-dose vs. standard dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Forest plots of the pooled discontinuation rate from included available studies, including single-arm studies, that reported patients receiving low-dose TMP-SMX in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Forest plots of total adverse events of low-dose vs. standard dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in prophylaxis against pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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