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. 2025 Sep;18(3):e70070.
doi: 10.1002/jfa2.70070.

Foot Measurements From Three-Dimensional Scans: Elinvision 3DST Reliability

Petra J Jones  1   2 , Alex V Rowlands  2   3   4 , Melanie J Davies  1   2   3 , David Webb  1   2 , Clare L Gillies  5 , Alam Shah  6
Affiliations

Foot Measurements From Three-Dimensional Scans: Elinvision 3DST Reliability

Petra J Jones et al. J Foot Ankle Res. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

Background: 3D foot scanners such as the Elinvision 3DST foot scanner potentially offer a faster, alternative method to traditional plaster casting to produce orthotics or therapeutic footwear.

Objective(s): To assess the reliability of 3DST-derived foot length, orthogonal ball width, heel width and ball girth. We also compared 3D scanner and manually derived measures.

Study design: Repeated measures design.

Methods: Two independent raters carried out three scans each of the right foot of 20 healthy participants (10 female) aged 18 years or over (mean age 38 ± 11.4 years) using the 3DST scanner (software v1.6.21.833). Manual foot measurements were taken by an experienced rater using Ritz stick and tape measure.

Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for both inter-rater reliability (0.99-1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.00) and intra-rater reliability (Rater 1: 0.98-1.00, 95% CI 0.96-1.00; Rater 2: 0.97-1.00, 95% CI 0.94-1.00). Standard error of the mean ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 cm both for scanner and manual measurements. The mean absolute differences between the scanner and manual measurements were ≤ 0.4 cm for foot length, orthogonal ball width (0.2-0.3 cm), ball girth and heel width (0.3-0.4 cm) but larger for foot waist, short heel, ankle circumference and anatomical ball width (0.5-1.1 cm).

Conclusions: The 3DST scanner has potential application for capture of basic foot dimensions in footwear fit research. However, larger differences relative to manual measures for other dimensions limits its potential in orthotics or therapeutic footwear production.

Keywords: 3D scanner; accuracy; foot measurement; footwear; orthosis; reliability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Half‐weight bearing position during 3D foot scan and floor marker for manual measurement.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
3DST foot scanner with Windows 10 Bang and Olufsen EliteBook Intel Core i5 laptop (8 GB RAM, CPU @ 1.60 GHz).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Dot marker positioning using Elinvision software.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Primary outcome Bland‐Altman plots (right foot).On outlier values: Ball girth ‐rater 1
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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