Expert consensus on digital restoration of complete dentures

Yue Feng^#¹, Zhihong Feng^#¹, Jing Li^#¹, Jihua Chen¹, Haiyang Yu², Xinquan Jiang³, Yongsheng Zhou⁴, Yumei Zhang¹, Cui Huang⁵, Baiping Fu⁶, Yan Wang⁷, Hui Cheng⁸, Jianfeng Ma⁹, Qingsong Jiang¹⁰, Hongbing Liao¹¹, Chufan Ma¹², Weicai Liu¹³, Guofeng Wu¹⁴, Sheng Yang¹⁵, Zhe Wu¹⁶, Shizhu Bai¹, Ming Fang¹, Yan Dong¹, Jiang Wu¹, Lin Niu¹⁷, Ling Zhang¹⁸, Fu Wang¹⁹, Lina Niu²⁰

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
² State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
³ Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
⁶ Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁷ Hospital of Stomatology & Guanghua School of Stomatology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸ School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
⁹ Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
¹⁰ Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
¹¹ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
¹² Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China.
¹³ Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration & Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology & Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁴ Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁵ Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
¹⁶ Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases; Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
¹⁸ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. lzhang.dent@foxmail.com.
¹⁹ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. wangfu99@fmmu.edu.cn.
²⁰ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. niulina831013@126.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40739137
PMCID: PMC12311047
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-025-00388-2

Review

Expert consensus on digital restoration of complete dentures

Yue Feng et al. Int J Oral Sci. 2025.

. 2025 Jul 30;17(1):58.

doi: 10.1038/s41368-025-00388-2.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
² State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
³ Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
⁶ Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
⁷ Hospital of Stomatology & Guanghua School of Stomatology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
⁸ School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
⁹ Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
¹⁰ Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
¹¹ Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
¹² Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China.
¹³ Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration & Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology & Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁴ Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
¹⁵ Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
¹⁶ Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases; Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
¹⁸ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. lzhang.dent@foxmail.com.
¹⁹ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. wangfu99@fmmu.edu.cn.
²⁰ State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. niulina831013@126.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40739137
PMCID: PMC12311047
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-025-00388-2

Abstract

Digital technologies have become an integral part of complete denture restoration. With advancement in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), tools such as intraoral scanning, facial scanning, 3D printing, and numerical control machining are reshaping the workflow of complete denture restoration. Unlike conventional methods that rely heavily on clinical experience and manual techniques, digital technologies offer greater precision, predictability, and efficacy. They also streamline the process by reducing the number of patient visits and improving overall comfort. Despite these improvements, the clinical application of digital complete denture restoration still faces challenges that require further standardization. The major issues include appropriate case selection, establishing consistent digital workflows, and evaluating long-term outcomes. To address these challenges and provide clinical guidance for practitioners, this expert consensus outlines the principles, advantages, and limitations of digital complete denture technology. The aim of this review was to offer practical recommendations on indications, clinical procedures and precautions, evaluation metrics, and outcome assessment to support digital restoration of complete denture in clinical practice.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Schematic diagram of digital restoration of complete dentures

**Fig. 2**
Digital restoration of complete dentures (a). Pre-treatment intraoral image (b). Post-treatment intraoral image

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Chen, H. M., Shen, K., Ji, L., McGrath, C. & Chen, H. Global and regional patterns in edentulism (1990-2021) with predictions to 2040. Int. Dent. J.75, 735–743 (2025). - PMC - PubMed
1. Sahyoun, N. R. & Krall, E. Low dietary quality among older adults with self-perceived ill-fitting dentures. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.103, 1494–1499 (2003). - PubMed
1. Gaewkhiew, P., Sabbah, W. & Bernabe, E. Does tooth loss affect dietary intake and nutritional status? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. J. Dent.67, 1–8 (2017). - PubMed
1. Schierz, O., Baba, K. & Fueki, K. Functional oral health-related quality of life impact: a systematic review in populations with tooth loss. J. Oral. Rehabil.48, 256–270 (2021). - PubMed
1. Xu, K. H. et al. Association of tooth loss and diet quality with acceleration of aging: evidence from NHANES. Am. J. Med.136, 773–779 (2023). - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Nature Publishing Group
- PubMed Central
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Expert consensus on digital restoration of complete dentures

Affiliations

Expert consensus on digital restoration of complete dentures

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous