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. 2025;51(5):628-638.
doi: 10.1080/00952990.2025.2528778. Epub 2025 Jul 31.

Perceived stigma and its role in substance use disorder treatment completion

Kelsey Isman  1 , Salvatore Giorgi  1 , Jennifer D Ellis  2 , Andrew S Huhn  2 , Tingting Liu  1 , Brenda Curtis  1
Affiliations

Perceived stigma and its role in substance use disorder treatment completion

Kelsey Isman et al. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2025.

Abstract

Background: Perceived Substance Use Disorder (SUD) stigma, defined as the awareness of negative societal attitudes toward individuals with SUDs, may discourage treatment-seeking and completion. Unlike self-stigma (negative beliefs about oneself), perceived stigma reflects individuals' perceptions of stigma from the public. While self-stigma has been widely studied, research on perceived stigma's role in shaping treatment outcomes remains limited.Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether higher perceived stigma at treatment intake predicts premature treatment discontinuation and hypothesized that greater perceived stigma would be associated with increased rates of premature treatment discontinuation.Methods: A total of 7,591 participants (70.2% male) from 75 SUD treatment facilities across the United States completed surveys at treatment intake and early in treatment. Perceived stigma was assessed using the Perceived Stigma of Addiction Scale (PSAS). Treatment completion, defined as standard discharge (recommended duration of care), served as the primary outcome. Mixed-effects models evaluated the relationship between perceived stigma and treatment discontinuation while adjusting for demographic, SUD, and mental health-related covariates.Results: Higher perceived stigma significantly predicted an increased likelihood of premature discontinuation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.97, 95% CI [0.95, 0.99], p < .001). For each one-unit increase in PSAS score, the odds of treatment completion decreased by 3%. This relationship persisted across all models, even after accounting for covariates.Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of addressing perceived stigma at treatment intake and its role in predicting treatment retention. Routine screening for stigma and implementing stigma-reduction interventions during care may contribute to better treatment outcomes for individuals with SUDs.

Keywords: Stigma; substance use disorder; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

Due to current federal policy under Executive Order 14151, federal employees are restricted from including analyses or interpretations based on demographic characteristics such as race, ethnicity, or sex. As a result, this manuscript does not examine potential subgroup effects or discuss generalizability based on participant demographics.

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