Declaration of interests JZ reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca; honoraria from the Asia-Pacific Primary Liver Cancer Expert Association (APPLE) and Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL); travel support from the Beijing Life Oasis Public Service Center, Beijing Medical Award Foundation, Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine Promotion Association, and Beijing Health Alliance Charitable Foundation; participation on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for AstraZeneca and MSD; and has a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups for the Chinese Society of Oncology, Chinese Medical Association, APPLE, Chinese College of Surgeons, and APASL. MKud reports grants/contracts from Otsuka, TAIHO, Chugai, GE Healthcare, Eisai, AbbVie (paid to to their institution); consulting fees from Chugai, F Hoffmann-La Roche, Eisai, and AstraZeneca; and honoraria from Chugai, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Takeda, and AstraZeneca. SLC reports grants/contracts from Celleron, Genorbio, and Ipsen (paid to their institution); honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ipsen, MSD, and Roche (personal fees); and travel support from Ipsen, Roche, Eisai, AstraZeneca, and Novartis (paid to their institution). JMLe reports grants/contracts from Bayer, Gerbett, Central Medical Service, GE Healthcare, Samsung Medison, Clarify, Starmed, and Philips Healthcare; consulting fees from Samsung Medison, GE Healthcare, Bayer, and Clarify; and honoraria from Bayer, GE Healthcare, Samsung Medison, Starmed, and Clarify. RSF reports grants/contracts from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Merck, Roche, and Genentech (paid to their institution); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, CStone, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Roche–Genentech, Chugai, and Zai Labs; honoraria from Genentech; travel support from Roche, Pfizer, and Merck; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for AstraZeneca. JS reports grant and travel support from Accuray. GKA-A reports grants/contracts from AbbVie, Agenus, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Atara, BeiGene, BioNtech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Digestive Care, Elicio, Genentech–Roche, Helsinn, Parker Institute, Pertyze, and Yiviva; and consulting fees from AbbVie, Ability Pharma, Agenus, Alligator Biosciences, Astellas, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Autem, Berry Genomics, BioNtech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fibrogen, Genentech–Roche, Ipsen, J-Pharma, Merck, Merus, Mona Therapeutics, Neogene, Novartis, Regeneron, Revolution Medicines, Servier, Syros, Tango, Tempus, Vector, and Yiviva. LR reports grants/contracts from AbbVie, Agios, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Eisai, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, TransThera Sciences, and Zymeworks (paid to their institution); consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Elevar Therapeutics, Exelixis, Genenta, Hengrui, Incyte, Ipsen, IQVIA, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, and Zymeworks; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Guerbet, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, and Servier; and travel support from AstraZeneca. JMLl reports grants/contracts from Eisai and Bayer Pharmaceuticals; consulting fees from Eisai, Merck, Roche, Genentech, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Sanofi, Moderna, Glycotest, and Exelixis; and participation on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for Bristol Myers Squibb. JB reports grants/contracts from FISS PI and EUCAN IMAGE (paid to their institution); consulting fees from AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Arquile, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Bio-Alliance, Bristol Myers Squibb, British Technology Group (BTG), Eisai, Gilead, IKF, Ipsen, Kowa, Eli Lilly, MSD, Nerviano, Novartis, Polaris, Quirem, Roche, Sirtex, Sanofi, and Terumo; honoraria from Bayer, Roche, BTG, and Terumo; travel support from Bayer, AstraZeneca, BTG, Sirtex, and Ipsen; participation on a data safety monitoring board for Basilea, Terumo, Roche, and BioAlliance; and participation on an advisory board for AbbVie, Arquile, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bio-Alliance, Bristol Myers Squibb, BTG, Eisai, Gilead, Ipsen, Kowa, MSD, Novartis, Polaris, Quirem, Roche, Sirtex, Sanofi, and Terumo. TC-FY reports consulting fees, honoraria, and travel support from Gilead Sciences. VW-SW reports grants from Gilead Sciences; consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Inventiva, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet Biosciences, TARGET Pharma Solutions, and Visirna; honoraria from Abbott, AbbVie, Echosens, Gilead Sciences, Novo Nordisk, and Unilab; travel support from AbbVie and Gilead Sciences; serves as chairman of the Specialty Board of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hong Kong College of Physicians; and is a member of the steering committee on the Prevention of Viral Hepatitis, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, and cofounder of Illuminatio Medical Technology. GL-HW reports grants/contracts from Gilead Sciences; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, and GlaxoSmithKline; honoraria from Abbott, AbbVie, Ascletis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Echosens, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Roche, and GlaxoSmithKline; and travel support from Gilead Sciences. LLC reports honoraria from AstraZeneca and Eisai; travel support from Roche, Ipsen, AstraZeneca, and Eisai; and hold stocks with Candel Therapeutics. RKK reports grants/contracts from Agios, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Compass Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Genentech–Roche, Merck, Partner Therapeutics, QED, Relay Therapeutics, Servier, Surface Oncology, Taiho, and Tyra Biosciences (paid to their institution); consulting fees from Compass Therapeutics, CVS Caremark, GSK, Jazz, J Pharma, Moderna, Regeneron, and Tyra Biosciences; travel support from AstraZeneca and Merck; participation on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for Genentech–Roche; and serves as a member and former cochair of the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Scientific and Medical advisory board (2021–23) and a member of International Liver Cancer Association governance board (2020–24). A-LC reports grants/contracts from Pilatus Biosciences; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech–Roche, Eisai, Sanofi, MSD, Bayer, BeiGene, Ipsen, Innovation, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Omega Therapeutics; honoraria from Amgen Taiwan, Ipsen Innovation, Bayer, Eisai, Sanofi, MSD, Genentech–Roche, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Omega Therapeutics; travel support from Roche and AstraZeneca; participation on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for Abbisko Therapeutics; and a leadership/fiduciary role at TTY Biopharm. MKur reports honoraria from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, Chugai, AstraZeneca, and Eisai. HT reports honoraria from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, Takeda, Kowa, Fujifilm Wako, Bayer, Chugai, AstraZeneca, and Eisai. TM reports grants/contracts from GE Healthcare Japan, Siemens Healthineers Canon Medical Systems Corporation, GE Healthcare Pharma FUJIFILM Medical, PD Radiopharma, and Nihon Medi-Physics. SM reports honoraria from Guerbet, Piolax, Asahi Intecc, Philips, Canon, Eisai, Bayer, AstraZeneca, and Chugai. KH reports grants/contracts from Eli Lilly Japan, Otsuka, Taiho, Chugai, KAKEN, FUJIFILM, Shimazu, Mochida, and Japan Blood Products (paid to their institution); and honoraria from Medtronic, Taiho, Chugai, Johnson & Johnson, Eisai, FUJIFILM, EA Pharma, EP-SOGO, Otsuka, Incyte, Astellas, Viatris, DAIICHI SANKYO, Miyarisan, AstraZeneca, TEIJIN, Bayer, and EP-Link. KT reports honoraria from Eisai, Takeda, AstraZeneca, and Chugai. PC reports grants/contracts from the National Medical Research Council, Roche, Sirtex, A*Star, Stratificare, MiRXES, Perspectum, and AMiLi (paid to their institution); consulting fees from Roche, IQVIA, Bayer, Worrell, Omega Therapeutics, Beigene, and SIRTEX; honoraria from Roche, SIRTEX, the Taiwan Society of Interventional Radiology, Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine, and Korean Radioembolization Association; travel support from Roche and Sirtex; patents issued for method of predicting a release (application number 10202303097V); participation on a data safety monitoring board/advisory board for Perspectum, Genentech, and Sirtex Medical; serves as chief medical officer and holds stocks with AVATAMED; and has received investigational product support from Roche. YH reports grants/contracts from the National Institutes of Health (NIH; CA233794, CA255621, CA282178, CA288375, and CA283935), European Commission (ERC-AdG-2020-101021417), and Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (180016 and RP200554); consulting fees from Hello Genomics, Roche Diagnostics, and Elevar Therapeutics; honoraria from DAVA Oncology and the Physicians' Education Resource; and stock with Alentis Therapeutics and Espervita Therapeutics. AL reports grants/contracts from NIH and the National Cancer Institute (R37CA230636, R01CA251155, and R01CA256480), Damon Runyon-Rachleff Innovator Award, Genentech, and Pfizer (paid to their institution); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, 76bio, and Pioneering Medicines; honoraria from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer; and patents for WO2015153870A1 and WO2022094477A1. MS reports grants from Eisai and Daiichi Sankyo. YNP reports travel support from Genentech. All other authors declare no competing interests.