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. 2025 Jul 31;11(4):e70084.
doi: 10.1002/osp4.70084. eCollection 2025 Aug.

Mixed Methods to Assess Sex Differences in Weight Bias Internalization Among Patients With Obesity

Marianne O Olaniran  1 , Jackson Francis  2 , Sitapriya Neti  3 , Dhatri Polavarapu  3 , Eda G Kapti  3 , M Sunil Mathew  2 , Jeffrey N Schellinger  4 , Marlyn A Allicock  1 , Sarah E Messiah  2   4   5 , Jaime P Almandoz  6
Affiliations

Mixed Methods to Assess Sex Differences in Weight Bias Internalization Among Patients With Obesity

Marianne O Olaniran et al. Obes Sci Pract. .

Abstract

Background: Individuals with obesity frequently encounter weight bias, which can contribute to the internalization of negative weight-related attitudes. This study examined sex differences in self-reported weight bias internalization among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of adults with obesity engaged in treatment.

Methods: Mixed method approach was used. Weight bias internalization was assessed quantitatively using the 11-item weight bias internalization scale (WBIS) and qualitatively through in-depth interviews. Sex differences were examined with univariate and multivariate linear regressions. Interviews were thematically analyzed to explore sex differences.

Results: Quantitative analysis (n = 60, 62% female) revealed that non-Hispanic White individuals with obesity exhibited significantly greater weight bias internalization than non-Hispanic Black individuals with obesity. There was no significant difference in mean WBIS scores between males (4.15 ± 1.34; p = 0.13) and females (3.68 ± 1.02; p = 0.13). Qualitative analysis (n = 24, 50% female) identified themes such as childhood trauma, self-esteem, health challenges, discrimination, and social interactions. No major conceptual differences emerged in the internalization of weight bias between male and female participants. However, female participants mostly described weight bias internalization as contributing to social avoidance and negatively impacting their career prospects.

Conclusion: Quantitative analyses indicated no statistically significant sex differences in weight bias internalization, and qualitative findings revealed no substantial conceptual differences between male and female participants. Future research should explore socioecological factors such as race/ethnicity, relationship status, and employment to identify populations at greater risk and inform targeted strategies for improving health outcomes.

Keywords: obesity; qualitative; quantitative; sex differences; weight bias internalization; weight stigma.

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Conflict of interest statement

This study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. However, Dr. Jaime P. Almandoz has received advisory or consulting fees and/or other support from AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Nestlé, Novo Nordisk A/S and Wave Life Sciences.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Examples of interview questions and how they align with the socioecological model.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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