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. 2025 Oct:215:110749.
doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110749. Epub 2025 Aug 5.

The risks of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and mortality on public holidays and weekends: A time-series study

Jamie Sin Ying Ho  1 , Arul Earnest  2 , Fahad J Siddiqui  3 , Dehan Hong  4 , Michael Yih Chong Chia  5 , Kian-Keong Poh  6 , Benjamin Sieu-Hon Leong  7 , Yih Yng Ng  8 , Marcus Eng Hock Ong  9 , Andrew Fu Wah Ho  10 ; Singapore PAROS Investigators
Collaborators, Affiliations

The risks of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and mortality on public holidays and weekends: A time-series study

Jamie Sin Ying Ho et al. Resuscitation. 2025 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Public holidays and weekends are periods with changes in lifestyle and capacity of healthcare services, and there may be impact on the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and OHCA outcomes.

Objectives: We aim to investigate the association of public holidays and weekends on the risk of OHCA and mortality in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Singapore.

Methods: We included all nationally reported cases of OHCA from 1 April 2010 to 31 December 2021. Using negative binomial regression models, adjusting for possible confounders, we estimated the non-linear and lagged effects of public holidays and day of the week on the risk of OHCA and mortality. Public holidays were further categorised into traditional holidays, religious holidays and non-religious holidays.

Results: In the study period, 28,660 cases of OHCA were included, of which 948 (3.3 %) occurred on a public holiday and 8459 (29.5 %) on a weekend, 18,286 (63.7 %) were male and 18,895 (67.9 %) were of Chinese ethnicity. The holidays with the highest proportion of OHCA were Chinese New Year over 2 days (20.4 %) and Hari Raya Puasa (10.3 %). The days with highest proportion of OHCA were Saturday (15.0 %), Sunday (14.5 %) and Monday (14.5 %). Any public holiday was associated with increased risk of OHCA compared to non-public holidays (Lag 0: adjusted RR 1.104, SE 0.035, p = 0.004; Lag 1: adjusted RR 1.072, SE 0.035, p = 0.046) and increased risk of mortality (adjusted RR 1.107, SE 0.036, p = 0.004). The weekend was also associated with significantly higher risk of OHCA (adjusted RR 1.047, SE 0.013, p = 0.001) and mortality (adjusted RR 1.044, SE 0.014, p = 0.002) compared to weekdays.

Conclusions: Public holidays and weekends were associated with increased risk of OHCA and mortality, particularly for traditional holidays such as Chinese New Year and Hari Raya Puasa.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Incidence; Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; Outcomes; Public holiday; Weekend.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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