Space-driven ROS in cells: a hidden danger to astronaut health and food safety

Abstract

Astronaut nutrition faces supply, logistics, and cost challenges, making space farming a solution. While plants adapt to space microgravity may trigger oxidative stress. Research shows space-grown plants achieve Earth-like growth, but ROS accumulation remains a concern. This study examines ROS buildup in cells and its risks for astronauts, emphasizing effects on homeostasis, disease pathways, gut microbiome, and nutrition. This research provides new insights into oxidative stress in space missions.

Fig. 1. Generation of Active Oxygen Species from Atomic Oxygen.

This image illustrates the intriguing transformation of atomic oxygen into a diverse array of active oxygen species. A Atomic oxygen with two unpaired electrons in separate orbitals, making it highly reactive. B Formation of the superoxide radical (•O₂⁻) through the addition of one electron. C Conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) through dismutation. D Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via the Fenton reaction. E Further transformation of ROS into singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and peroxyl radicals (ROO•). F Interaction of ROS with biomolecules, leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Fig. 2. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in Cellular Compartments.

This image explores the intricate world of ROS production within various cellular compartments. ROS, commonly known as active oxygen, is generated in specific cellular locales, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell membranes, peroxisomes, apoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell wall.

Fig. 3. Key Factors in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Space-Grown Plants.

This image provides insights into the induction factors of ROS in plants cultivated in space. The unique conditions of the spaceflight environment lead to the production of ROS, highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules known to cause cellular damage and oxidative stress. The illustration delves into the various factors and environmental conditions unique to space, shedding light on how they contribute to the generation of ROS in plants.

Fig. 4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Their Link to Cellular Damage and Disease.

This image explores the consequences of disrupted ROS balance in biological systems. ROS, natural byproducts of cellular processes, are essential for functions like apoptosis and immunity. However, when ROS production surpasses the body’s defense mechanisms, it leads to oxidative stress. This imbalance damages vital cellular components and is linked to various human diseases. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for unraveling disease mechanisms and potential treatments.

Fig. 5. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Impact on Gut Microbiota.

This insightful image delves into the impact of ROS accumulation on the human gut microbiota. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of ROS in maintaining gut homeostasis by regulating physiological processes and immune responses. However, when ROS levels become dysregulated and accumulate, they can significantly alter the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. This disruption has profound implications for overall gut health and is linked to various disease states. The illustration explores the intricate relationship between ROS accumulation and changes in the gut microbiota, emphasizing the delicate balance necessary for a healthy gut environment.