Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Aug 4;15(1):28427.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13753-2.

Computational insights into silver oxide nanoparticles on flow and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux through a Koo and Kleinstreuer model: A heat transfer application

Huda Alfannakh  1 , Basma Souayeh  2 , Suvanjan Bhattacharyya  3 , Devendra Kumar Vishwakarma  4
Affiliations

Computational insights into silver oxide nanoparticles on flow and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux through a Koo and Kleinstreuer model: A heat transfer application

Huda Alfannakh et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The special features of silver-capped iron nanoparticles, like their excellent ability to conduct heat, adjustable magnetism, and resistance to rust, make them highly sought after for industrial heat transfer uses. The medical and industrial fields are rapidly adopting a new technology that shows promise in areas such as electronics cooling, biomedical heating, solar thermal, and nanofluids. The flow of silver-capped iron nanoparticles through a Forchheimer medium with the CC effect is the subject of this work because of these applications. Additionally, thermal radiation and exponential heat sources are considered. The mixed convective situation improves the boundary. The governing equations of flow are reduced by employing similarity transformations from a PDE to an ODE. Utilizing a set of similar variables, the modeled problem will be converted into a set of ODEs. With RKF-45, the resulting set of ODEs will be solved. Through the graphs, the behaviours of many significant parameters will be examined and discussed in cases when these factors are [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] Velocity of the fluid is more controllebele in hybrid nanoparticles case then that of nanoparticles case. Rate of heat transfer is more influence by silver capped iron oxide nanoparticle when compared to silver nanoparticles. The temperature profile increases when [Formula: see text] improves. There is an improvement in the thermal boundary layer as well. Convective cooling diminishes with decreasing velocity, and thermal energy tends to build up, increasing the fluid's temperature. Reduced flow further thickens the thermal boundary layer, which raises the temperature profile even more. For both silver and silver oxide nanoparticles Nusselt number increases when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] values grow. However, when [Formula: see text] values rise, the reverse effect is seen. Silver nanoparticles and silver oxide nanoparticles, skin friction decreases as the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] parameters increase.

Keywords: Cattaneo-Christov heat flux; Darcy forchheimer medium; Exponential heat source (EHS); KK model; Mixed convection and biot number; Thermal radiation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Physical model of the problem.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram for numerical method.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Model simulation.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Outcomes of formula image on formula image.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Outcomes of formula image onformula image.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Sajid, T. et al. Magnetized Cross tetra hybrid nanofluid passed a stenosed artery with nonuniform heat source (sink) and thermal radiation: Novel tetra hybrid Tiwari and Das nanofluid model. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 569, p.170443. (2023).
    1. Sajid, T. et al. Quadratic regression analysis for nonlinear heat source/sink and mathematical Fourier heat law influences on Reiner-Philippoff hybrid nanofluid flow applying Galerkin finite element method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 568, p.170383. (2023).
    1. Sajid, T., Sagheer, M., Hussain, S. & Bilal, M. Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Maxwell nanofluid flow with nonlinear thermal radiation and activation energy. AIP Advances8(3), 035102 (2018).
    1. Sajid, T., Tanveer, S., Sabir, Z. & Guirao, J. L. G. Impact of activation energy and temperature-dependent heat source/sink on Maxwell–Sutterby fluid. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020(1), p.5251804. (2020).
    1. Sajid, T., Sabir, Z., Tanveer, S., Arbi, A. & Altamirano, G. C. Upshot of radiative rotating Prandtl fluid flow over a slippery surface embedded with variable species diffusivity and multiple convective boundary conditions. Heat. Transf.50 (3), 2874–2894 (2021).

LinkOut - more resources