Intergenerational Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion Socialization

Abstract

The experience of childhood maltreatment is associated with greater psychological difficulties in survivors of maltreatment and their later children. While this intergenerational pattern is well-established, little is known about the mechanisms leading to negative outcomes in the children of maltreated parents. Moreover, many studies to date have focused on young children, with less research on adolescent children. In a sample of mother-adolescent child dyads (N = 241), we explored links between mothers' experiences of childhood maltreatment and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptoms over a 3-year period, as well as whether maternal emotion regulation difficulties and invalidating emotion socialization practices partially explained any links. Latent growth curve analysis revealed that internalizing symptoms increased slightly over the 3-year period, whereas externalizing symptoms remained stable on average. Mothers who reported higher levels of childhood maltreatment had adolescent children with greater overall levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but not greater increases over time. Maternal emotion regulation partially mediated the association between maternal history of childhood maltreatment and offspring externalizing symptoms but not internalizing symptoms. Maternal emotion socialization did not account for either association. Our results suggest that mothers' experiences of childhood maltreatment are associated with greater overall psychological difficulties in their adolescent children, and mothers' own emotion dysregulation partially accounts for that association for externalizing symptoms.

Keywords: Childhood maltreatment; Emotion regulation; Emotion socialization.

Fig. 1

Depression and Externalizing Latent Growth Model

Fig. 2

Depression SEM Model. CTQ Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale, EAC Emotions as a Child Scales, CDI Intercept and slope or Child Depression Inventory. For parameters that significantly differed between boys and girls, both values are reported (boys/girls). **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. χ²(41) = 46.62, p = 0.252; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.02

Fig. 3

Externalizing SEM Model. CTQ Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale, EAC Emotions as a Child Scales, Intercept and slope YI or Youth Inventory. For parameters that significantly differed between boys and girls, boys are reported left of the slash (/). *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. χ² = 49.25, df = 41, p = 0.177, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.03