Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model mice

doi:10.1002/jsfa.70109

. 2025 Aug 5.

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.70109. Online ahead of print.

Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model mice

Ming-Shiun Tsai^{1

2}, Gunn-Guang Liou³, Chang-Wei Hsieh^{4

5

6}, Jiunn-Wang Liao⁷, Pin-Yen Lai⁸, Chao-Kai Chang⁴, Wan-Jou Lee⁸, Sue-Hong Wang^{8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Application, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.
² Department of Optometry, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.
³ Office of Research and Development, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan.
⁷ Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁹ Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

PMID: 40762185
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.70109

Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model mice

Ming-Shiun Tsai et al. J Sci Food Agric. 2025.

. 2025 Aug 5.

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.70109. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Ming-Shiun Tsai^{1

2}, Gunn-Guang Liou³, Chang-Wei Hsieh^{4

5

6}, Jiunn-Wang Liao⁷, Pin-Yen Lai⁸, Chao-Kai Chang⁴, Wan-Jou Lee⁸, Sue-Hong Wang^{8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Application, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.
² Department of Optometry, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.
³ Office of Research and Development, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan.
⁷ Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁸ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁹ Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

PMID: 40762185
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.70109

Abstract

Background: Peptic ulcers, particularly gastric ulcers (GUs), are multifactorial disorders with unclear mechanisms. Black garlic (BG) has shown gastroprotective effects. This study evaluated the effects of BG and epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated BG (EG) in acidic ethanol (AE)-induced GU model mice. Mice were pretreated with BG or EG (50-200 mg/kg) for 7 days before ulcer induction. Oral acute toxicity evaluations for BG and EG were also conducted.

Results: Oral acute toxicity evaluations showed elevated serum renal function indices at 5 g/kg of BG and 10 g/kg of EG but without histopathological liver or kidney damage. Both BG and EG pretreatments reduced ulcer indices, with EG offering stronger and significant protection. EG pretreatments also showed higher gastric mucosal accumulations. They significantly decreased AE-induced malondialdehyde levels and restored glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. AE-induced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), as well as gastric transcript levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and myeloperoxidase, were suppressed. EG further reduced AE-induced phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun-N-terminal kinase, p38, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and inhibitor of κB.

Conclusion: EG2 showed stronger gastroprotective activity than BG by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signaling pathways. This study supports the application of EG as a value-added functional food ingredient for GU prevention. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Keywords: MAPK signaling pathway; NF‐κB signaling pathway; antioxidant; anti‐inflammatory; black garlic from different processes; gastroprotection.

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References

REFERENCES

1. Huang SC, Wu WJ, Lee YJ, Tsai MS, Yan XZ, Lin HC et al., Gastroprotective effects of Machilus zuihoensis Hayata bark against acidic ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer in mice. J Tradit Complement Med 13:511–520 (2023).
1. Singh MP, Chawla V, Kaushik D, Chawla PA and Sisodia SS, Pharmacodynamic stance of phytoconstituents as a gastric ulcer protective mechanism: an overview. Curr Mol Med 22:431–441 (2022).
1. Simões S, Lopes R, Campos MCD, Marruz MJ, da Cruz MEM and Corvo L, Animal models of acute gastric mucosal injury: macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. Animal Model Exp Med 2:121–126 (2019).
1. da Silva F, Boeing T, Bolda Mariano LN, Somensi LB, da Silva LM and de Souza P, The pathophysiology of acute gastric ulcer development in normotensive and hypertensive rats: a comparative study. Eur J Pharmacol 887:173469 (2020).
1. Kimura S, Tung YC, Pan MH, Su NW, Lai YJ and Cheng KC, Black garlic: a critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J Food Drug Anal 25:62–70 (2017).

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[1] Huang SC, Wu WJ, Lee YJ, Tsai MS, Yan XZ, Lin HC et al., Gastroprotective effects of Machilus zuihoensis Hayata bark against acidic ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer in mice. J Tradit Complement Med 13:511–520 (2023).

[2] Huang SC, Wu WJ, Lee YJ, Tsai MS, Yan XZ, Lin HC et al., Gastroprotective effects of Machilus zuihoensis Hayata bark against acidic ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer in mice. J Tradit Complement Med 13:511–520 (2023).

[3] Singh MP, Chawla V, Kaushik D, Chawla PA and Sisodia SS, Pharmacodynamic stance of phytoconstituents as a gastric ulcer protective mechanism: an overview. Curr Mol Med 22:431–441 (2022).

[4] Singh MP, Chawla V, Kaushik D, Chawla PA and Sisodia SS, Pharmacodynamic stance of phytoconstituents as a gastric ulcer protective mechanism: an overview. Curr Mol Med 22:431–441 (2022).

[5] Simões S, Lopes R, Campos MCD, Marruz MJ, da Cruz MEM and Corvo L, Animal models of acute gastric mucosal injury: macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. Animal Model Exp Med 2:121–126 (2019).

[6] Simões S, Lopes R, Campos MCD, Marruz MJ, da Cruz MEM and Corvo L, Animal models of acute gastric mucosal injury: macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. Animal Model Exp Med 2:121–126 (2019).

[7] da Silva F, Boeing T, Bolda Mariano LN, Somensi LB, da Silva LM and de Souza P, The pathophysiology of acute gastric ulcer development in normotensive and hypertensive rats: a comparative study. Eur J Pharmacol 887:173469 (2020).

[8] da Silva F, Boeing T, Bolda Mariano LN, Somensi LB, da Silva LM and de Souza P, The pathophysiology of acute gastric ulcer development in normotensive and hypertensive rats: a comparative study. Eur J Pharmacol 887:173469 (2020).

[9] Kimura S, Tung YC, Pan MH, Su NW, Lai YJ and Cheng KC, Black garlic: a critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J Food Drug Anal 25:62–70 (2017).

[10] Kimura S, Tung YC, Pan MH, Su NW, Lai YJ and Cheng KC, Black garlic: a critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J Food Drug Anal 25:62–70 (2017).

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Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model mice

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Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate-impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model mice

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