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. 2025 Jul-Aug;30(4):e70041.
doi: 10.1111/infa.70041.

When the World Pivots: Changes in Infant Negative Affect Trajectories Following the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo  1 , Brendan Ostlund  1 , Vanessa LoBue  2 , Kristin A Buss  1 , Koraly E Pérez-Edgar  1
Affiliations

When the World Pivots: Changes in Infant Negative Affect Trajectories Following the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo et al. Infancy. 2025 Jul-Aug.

Abstract

Research on the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on infant emotional development has produced mixed results, often limited by methodological constraints, such as not having access to data prior to and after pandemic onset. This study helps overcome these limitations by analyzing data from 330 infants (51% female; 54% White, non-Hispanic) across five points in the first 2 years of life, from October 2016 to August 2021. Multilevel growth models indicated that negative affect decreased following pandemic onset, contrary to the expected and observed increase in negative affect prior to the pandemic. Higher levels of contextual risk (maternal trait anxiety, neighborhood disadvantage) were associated with higher levels of infant negative affect, irrespective of the pandemic. These findings further our understanding of the pandemic's impact on child development.

Keywords: COVID‐19; maternal anxiety; negative affect; neighborhood disadvantage; pandemic.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Infant negative affect trajectories. Infant negative affect trajectories prior to (“PreOnset,” green) and after (“PostOnset,” red) onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Bold lines with confidence intervals reflect the average for each condition, while thin lines depict each infant's negative affect trajectory.
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