Postbiotics enhance the efficacy of derivative compound mouthwash against clinical Helicobacter pylori strains

Abstract

Background: A previous study indicated that poly L-lysine-glycerol monolaurate mouthwash reduced the virulence of Helicobacter pylori; however, these compounds are derivatives. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of postbiotics, postbiotic-glycerol monolaurate, and poly L-lysine-glycerol monolaurate mouthwashes against clinical H. pylori strains.

Methods: Postbiotics, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SD1, L. rhamnosus SD4, and L. rhamnosus SD11 were examined for anti-bacterial activity and synergistic effects. Subsequently, mouthwashes containing postbiotics, postbiotic-glycerol monolaurate, and poly L-Lysine-glycerol monolaurate were prepared and evaluated for their ability to reduce H. pylori adhesion to host cells, suppress inflammation induced by H. pylori, eradicate biofilm, decrease cagA expression, and assess epithelial cell viability. The stability of the mouthwashes was evaluated every 4 weeks up to 24 weeks for their efficacy against H. pylori growth, biofilm eradication, and epithelial cell viability.

Results: The postbiotics, L. paracasei SD1 and L. rhamnosus SD11, demonstrated significant anti-H. pylori activity, with synergistic effects observed in combinations with derivative compounds. Postbiotic-glycerol monolaurate mouthwashes exhibited higher efficacy in reducing H. pylori adhesion to host cells (42.64-43.83%), suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, eradicating biofilm (82.62% at 24 h), and reducing cagA expression (112.60 fold) compared to others. Such mouthwashes also displayed low cytotoxicity (< 30% for 15 min) to all cells tested. The stability was observed up to 24 weeks.

Conclusion: This in vitro study demonstrated that postbiotic-glycerol monolaurate mouthwash revealed the highest efficacy against H. pylori with low cytotoxicity to host cells. The stability lasted for 24 weeks.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; derivative compound; glycerol monolaurate; mouthwash; postbiotics.

Figure 1

Graph (A) shows the adhesion ability of H357 and AGS cells to Helicobacter pylori strains and their combinations with postbiotic-glycerol monolaurate (Postbiotic-GM), postbiotics, and poly L-Lysine-glycerol monolaurate (Poly L-Lysine-GM). Each group shows the mean adhesion and individual data points. Graph (B) depicts cagA expression (fold of induction) with the same combinations, showing mean expression and individual data points. Each category has letters a, b, or c indicating significant differences.

Figure 2

(A) Bar chart showing biofilm eradiation percentages for different treatments over various time intervals. Capital letters indicate significant differences between groups at the same time point, while lowercase letters indicate significant differences between time points within the same group (p < 0.05). (B) Micrograph with green fluorescence indicating biofilm presence. (C) Micrograph showing red and green fluorescence demonstrating biofilm disruption. (D) Micrograph with dominant red fluorescence, suggesting extensive biofilm eradication.