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. 2025 Aug 7:14:e64101.
doi: 10.2196/64101.

Use of Naltrexone for Patients With Stimulant Use Disorder in Malaysia: Protocol for a Retrospective Cohort Study

Nor Asiah Muhamad #  1 , Nur Hasnah Ma'amor #  1 , Muhammad Arif Muhamad Rasat #  2 , Tengku Puteri Nadiah Tengku Baharudin Shah #  1 , 'Izzah 'Athirah Rosli #  1 , Fatin Norhasny Leman #  1 , Nurul Hidayah Jamalluddin #  1 , Nurul Syazwani Misnan #  1 , Norliza Chemi #  3 , Norni Abdullah #  4 , Nurashikin Ibrahim #  5 ; My Addiction Study group  6
Collaborators, Affiliations

Use of Naltrexone for Patients With Stimulant Use Disorder in Malaysia: Protocol for a Retrospective Cohort Study

Nor Asiah Muhamad et al. JMIR Res Protoc. .

Abstract

Background: Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. Naltrexone is used to block the euphoric and sedative effects of drugs such as heroin, codeine, and morphine. The medication helps to bind and block opioid receptors to decrease opioid cravings. In Malaysia, naltrexone has been used for maintenance treatments for heroin and alcohol since 1996. However, since 2011, naltrexone has been used as an off-label stimulant use disorder (StUD) treatment to achieve abstinence.

Objective: This study aims to determine the abstinence among StUD and non-StUD patients treated and without naltrexone.

Methods: We will conduct a retrospective cohort study on the effect of naltrexone or treatment as usual (TAU) by examining the data for both StUD and non-StUD patients. We will use patients' clinical records from the hospital registry. All adult patients (aged 18-65 years) diagnosed with StUD or other substance use disorders who were treated with naltrexone and standard care from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2023, will be screened. All StUD and non-StUD patients who were offered the naltrexone treatment or TAU at the beginning of treatment will be recruited. All data will be extracted using a standardized data extraction form. Descriptive analysis will be performed to describe the distribution of patient characteristics, sociodemographic profiles, and percentages of abstinence and treatment retention. We will conduct univariable analysis to determine the association of stimulant abstinence and treatment retention between naltrexone and TAU among both StUD and non-StUD patients. All significant independent variables will be further analyzed using a cross-sectional time series method for categorical variables.

Results: Recruitment began in July 2025. Data analysis will begin after completing data collection, planned for January 2026.

Conclusions: The expected main outcome of this study is to observe the significant associations of stimulant use abstinence and treatment retention between TAU and naltrexone among StUD and non-StUD patients. The findings from this study may provide preliminary evidence regarding the use of naltrexone in treating StUD. Currently, there is no specific medication to treat amphetamine or methamphetamine use disorder. The effect of naltrexone with psychosocial interventions for StUD is unclear. Public health approaches recognize the multifaceted nature of substance misuse and focus on addressing the myriad individual, environmental, and social factors that contribute to StUD.

International registered report identifier (irrid): PRR1-10.2196/64101.

Keywords: Malaysia; abstinence; naltrexone; protocol; stimulant use disorder.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

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