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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Aug 7;25(1):611.
doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05906-z.

Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in preschool children: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Nannan Si  1   2   3 , Wei Chang  2 , Fengli Cheng  1   3 , Yanjie Wang  1   3 , Limin Suo  1   3 , Changqing Zhao  4   5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in preschool children: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Nannan Si et al. BMC Pediatr. .

Abstract

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease in preschool children and seriously affects their quality of life. Defining the risk factors of AR can help early diagnosis and prevention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarizes the risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in preschool children.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, built up to 20 January 2025 was performed. Studies were included if they reported risk factors for AR in preschool children. A random-effects model was used to calculate the combined odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: A total of 10 cohort studies involving 94,774 preschool children were included in this meta-analysis. The results suggested that several factors may associated with higher odds of allergic rhinitis in preschool children. These factors include parental allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 2.01-2.87), parental eczema (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.48-1.99), parental asthma (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.53-3.93), male (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.37-1.72), caesarean birth (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08-1.61), and dampness at home (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08-1.42). On the other hand, the presence of pets at home was found to be protective, with a reduced risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41-0.78).

Conclusion: This study suggests that factors such as parental history of allergy, boys, caesarean section and damp environment at home may increase the risk of allergic rhinitis in preschool children, whereas pets may have a protective role. These findings emphasize the influence of genetic and environmental factors on allergic rhinitis in children.

Keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Meta-analysis; Preschool children; Risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Literature search flow chart
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The forest plot summarized that parental allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The forest plot summarized that parental eczema is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The forest plot summarized that parental asthma is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The forest plot summarized that pet is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The forest plot summarized that male is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The forest plot summarized that caesarean birth is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The forest plot summarized that dampness is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in preschool children, OR: odds ratio
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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