Recent advances in nanogels in veterinary medicine

Abstract

Nanogels, a promising class of nanomaterials, have emerged as versatile platforms in veterinary medicine and have shown substantial progress in recent years. This review outlines the key developments and potential applications of nanogels in veterinary therapeutics. It provides an in-depth discussion of critical factors influencing nanogel implementation, including synthesis, biocompatibility, biodegradability, clinical translation, and technological considerations. Approaches to nanogel-based vaccines and drug-delivery systems are examined, with particular emphasis on the mucosal route of administration, given its relevance in livestock. Finally, the integration of nanogels into the One Health framework is considered.

Keywords: Nanogels; One Health; mastitis; mucosal administration; vaccines.

Figure 1

Nanogels and their applications in veterinary medicine from a ‘'One Health'’ perspective.

Figure 2

Intranasal administration of pNIPAM nanogels. Images acquired at different time points from dorsal and ventral views in pseudocolour of mice. Reprinted with permission from reference [2].

Figure 3

Design of thermoresponsive nanogels based on pNIPAM and their performance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo using a mouse model. Reprinted with permission from reference [2].

Figure 4

Synthesis of sodium-gelatin composite nanogels and absorption of enrofloxacin into RAW 264.7 cells A) Schematic diagram describing the synthesis of enrofloxacin-loaded gelatin-sodium alginate composite nanogels. B Uptake of native enrofloxacin and enrofloxacin composite nanogels in RAW 264.7 cells (n = 3) at different time points. Reproduced with permission from reference [65].

Figure 5

The cure rate of various groups after administration. TIL treatment with commercial tilmicosin injection (300 mg/gland per day), Low TIL–SLNs low dosage group of TIL–SLNs (150 mg/mammary per day), Normal TIL–SLNs normal dosage group of TIL–SLNs (300 mg/mammary per day), Low nanogel low dosage group of nanogel (150 mg/mammary per day), Normal nanogel: normal dosage group of nanogel (300 mg/mammary per day). *Statistically significant from control (p < 0.05) by chi-square test. Reproduced with permission from reference [66] (CC BY-NC 4.0).