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. 2025 Aug;24(8):e70379.
doi: 10.1111/jocd.70379.

Revealing the Three-Dimensional Complexity of Facial Anatomy Through Micro-Computed Tomography

Kyu-Ho Yi  1   2 , Jovian Wan  3 , Jong Keun Song  4 , Arthur Swift  5 , Benjamin Ascher  6
Affiliations

Revealing the Three-Dimensional Complexity of Facial Anatomy Through Micro-Computed Tomography

Kyu-Ho Yi et al. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Background: Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) offers exceptional three-dimensional resolution for studying facial anatomy, capturing intricate structural relationships with isotropic resolutions as fine as 4-10 μm. However, its use is limited to ex vivo specimens, precluding real-time or functional evaluation.

Objective: To highlight the complementary value of high-frequency ultrasound in facial anatomical assessment and procedural guidance, particularly in the clinical context.

Methods: We discuss the limitations of micro-CT for dynamic applications and explore the clinical advantages of ultrasound, including Doppler capabilities and real-time observation of soft tissue structures.

Results: High-frequency ultrasound (30-70 μm resolution) enables in vivo, dynamic imaging of vascular flow, muscle activity, and filler placement. It is non-invasive, repeatable, and applicable at the point of care. Finger-mounted devices, such as those used in Safe Injection By Ultrasound (SIBUS) protocols, provide sufficient resolution for guiding aesthetic procedures involving superficial facial anatomy. Doppler integration further enhances procedural safety.

Conclusion: While micro-CT remains ideal for high-resolution anatomical research and educational modeling, ultrasound uniquely enables functional, real-time assessment essential for safe clinical practice. Together, these modalities serve complementary roles in advancing both anatomical understanding and patient care in aesthetic medicine.

Keywords: SIBUS; aesthetic injection safety; facial anatomy; micro‐CT; ultrasound.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
High‐resolution micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) reconstruction of the upper face demonstrating the three‐dimensional architecture of superficial and deep muscle fibers. Fine muscular fascicles, including portions of the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii muscles, are clearly visualized in situ without disruption of spatial relationships, highlighting the utility of micro‐CT for detailed anatomical analysis of facial musculature.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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