The Nature of Oxidized Oxygen in Oxygen Redox Cathodes

doi:10.1002/smtd.202501023

. 2025 Aug 8:e01023.

doi: 10.1002/smtd.202501023. Online ahead of print.

The Nature of Oxidized Oxygen in Oxygen Redox Cathodes

Yu-Han Zhang^{1

2}, Lin-Rong Wu³, Haoyu Su¹, Shu Zhang^{1

4}, Naifang Hu^{1

4}, Jianing Liu¹, Zhiwei Hu⁵, Jun Ma^{1

4}, Guanglei Cui^{1

2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.
² School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
⁴ Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.
⁵ Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nothnitzer Strasse 40, D-01187, Dresden, Germany.

PMID: 40776802
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501023

The Nature of Oxidized Oxygen in Oxygen Redox Cathodes

Yu-Han Zhang et al. Small Methods. 2025.

. 2025 Aug 8:e01023.

doi: 10.1002/smtd.202501023. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Yu-Han Zhang^{1

2}, Lin-Rong Wu³, Haoyu Su¹, Shu Zhang^{1

4}, Naifang Hu^{1

4}, Jianing Liu¹, Zhiwei Hu⁵, Jun Ma^{1

4}, Guanglei Cui^{1

2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.
² School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
⁴ Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.
⁵ Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nothnitzer Strasse 40, D-01187, Dresden, Germany.

PMID: 40776802
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501023

Abstract

Oxygen redox cathodes (ORCs) are expected to surpass the capacity limits of conventional batteries. However, the commercialization of ORCs has suffered from severe voltage decay due to irreversible structural reconstructions, which are related to the evolution of oxidized oxygen upon charging. Several models have been proposed to elucidate the relationship between oxygen redox and cathode failures. However, the oxidized oxygen states in batteries are under debate, which limits the solution and hinders further ORC application. In this perspective, a critical overview of research progress on oxidized oxygen states in ORCs is provided. The controversies regarding the chemical states of oxidized oxygen are also presented. Finally, this work ends with a prospect on how to scientifically identify oxidized oxygen and design stable ORC batteries. With this article, the aim is to promote the clarification of anionic redox chemistry and the development of more efficient and long-lasting batteries.

Keywords: anionic redox; cathode; controversy; oxidized oxygen.

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References

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[1] a) S. Chen, G. Wu, H. Jiang, J. Wang, T. Chen, C. Han, W. Wang, R. Yang, J. Zhao, Z. Tang, X. Gong, C. Li, M. Zhu, K. Zhang, Y. Xu, Y. Wang, Z. Hu, P. Chen, B. Wang, K. Zhang, Y. Xia, H. Peng, Y. Gao, Nature 2025, 638, 676;

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[4] b) L. R. Wu, Y. H. Zhang, Z. Wu, J. Tian, H. Wang, H. Zhao, S. Xu, L. Chen, X. Duan, D. Zhang, H. Guo, Y. You, Z. Zhu, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2304067;

[5] c) Y.‐H. Zhang, L.‐R. Wu, J. Ma, G. Cui, Next Nanotechnol. 2023, 2, 100011.

[6] c) Y.‐H. Zhang, L.‐R. Wu, J. Ma, G. Cui, Next Nanotechnol. 2023, 2, 100011.

[7] a) M. Zhang, D. A. Kitchaev, Z. Lebens‐Higgins, J. Vinckeviciute, M. Zuba, P. J. Reeves, C. P. Grey, M. S. Whittingham, L. F. J. Piper, A. Van der Ven, Y. S. Meng, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 522;

[8] a) M. Zhang, D. A. Kitchaev, Z. Lebens‐Higgins, J. Vinckeviciute, M. Zuba, P. J. Reeves, C. P. Grey, M. S. Whittingham, L. F. J. Piper, A. Van der Ven, Y. S. Meng, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 522;

[9] b) Y. H. Zhang, S. Zhang, N. Hu, Y. Liu, J. Ma, P. Han, Z. Hu, X. Wang, G. Cui, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 3302.

[10] b) Y. H. Zhang, S. Zhang, N. Hu, Y. Liu, J. Ma, P. Han, Z. Hu, X. Wang, G. Cui, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 3302.

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The Nature of Oxidized Oxygen in Oxygen Redox Cathodes

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The Nature of Oxidized Oxygen in Oxygen Redox Cathodes

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