ZrMOF-based bimetallic nanotags enable dual-channel electrochemical biosensing for parallel and ultrasensitive detection of S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7

Abstract

Foodborne pathogens are a leading cause of food safety incidents. Here, we developed a highly sensitive dual-channel biosensor for the parallel electrochemical detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 using bimetallic metal-organic framework (BMOF)-based signal nanotags. The BMOF-based nanotags were synthesized by functionalizing gold nanoparticle-doped CuZr-MOF with signal DNA sequences sDNA1 (forming sDNA1-AuNPs@CuZr-MOF nanotag) and PbZr-MOF with signal DNA sequence sDNA2 (forming sDNA2-AuNPs@PbZr-MOF nanotag). The biosensing platform was constructed using two glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). Each GCE was sequentially modified, first with electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (depAu) and then with the corresponding capture DNA sequences (cDNA1 for channel 1 or cDNA2 for channel 2). Target detection was achieved on the sensing interface via sandwich hybridization: in channel 1, the invA gene of S. typhimurium (tDNA1) was recognized by both cDNA1 on the sDNA1-AuNPs@CuZr-MOF nanotag; similarly, in channel 2, the eaeA gene of E. coli O157:H7 (tDNA2) was recognized by both cDNA2 and sDNA2 on the sDNA2-AuNPs@PbZr-MOF nanotag. Leveraging the high stability and ease of surface modification of UiO-66 (Zr-MOF), along with the enhanced electrochemical oxidation signals from the introduced secondary metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺) in Zr-MOF framework, the biosensor achieved parallel detection with wide linear ranges (3.5 to 3.5 × 10⁵ CFU mL^-1 for S. typhimurium, and 2.2 to 2.2 × 10⁵ CFU mL^-1 for E. coli O157:H7) and low detection limit (LODs of 0.54 CFU mL^-1 and 0.80 CFU mL^-1, respectively). Furthermore, the fabricated biosensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, selectivity, and stability, highlighting great potential for practical use in monitoring foodborne pathogens.

Keywords: Bimetallic metal–organic framework; DNA-functionalized nanotags; Dual-channel detection; Electrochemical pathogen sensor; Modified glassy carbon electrode; Signal enhancement.