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. 2025 Jul 25:16:1618586.
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1618586. eCollection 2025.

Impact of serum sodium trajectory on 30-day mortality in traumatic brain injury patients: insights from a retrospective cohort study using MIMIC-IV database

Shuangshuang Huang #  1 , Songmin Huang #  2 , Wulei Wang  1 , Zhimin Li  1 , Yingjun Liu  3
Affiliations

Impact of serum sodium trajectory on 30-day mortality in traumatic brain injury patients: insights from a retrospective cohort study using MIMIC-IV database

Shuangshuang Huang et al. Front Neurol. .

Abstract

Background: Hypernatremia is frequently encountered in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and research has demonstrated a correlation between serum sodium levels and patient outcomes in TBI cases. This study aims to explore the temporal patterns of serum sodium concentrations and assesses their prognostic significance in TBI patients.

Methods: This study employed data sourced from the database of Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV). We applied a latent growth mixture model (LGMM) to construct the serum sodium trajectories of TBI patients within the first 96 h of their intensive care unit (ICU) stay, based on mean serum sodium measurements taken at 24-h intervals. Subsequently, Cox regression models were employed to analyze the associations among initial serum sodium levels, serum sodium trajectories, and mortality outcomes of 30 and 90 day.

Results: A total of 852 TBI patients were included, and the LGMM model categorized serum sodium trajectories into 4 classes. Significant differences in prognosis were observed between the different grades of TBI patients, with the worst prognosis for patients with TBI in Class 2 (slow-growth type) compared to Class 1 (normal stable type) and no significant difference in mortality for the remaining grades. In addition, after adjusting for confounding factors, high first serum sodium levels were related to higher 30-day (HR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.13-4.04, p = 0.019) and 90-day (HR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.21-4.08, p = 0.01) mortality rates in TBI patients.

Conclusion: Both first-time serum sodium and serum sodium trajectory were independent influences on the prognosis of TBI patients. Thus, clinicians should closely monitor serum sodium in TBI patients and adjust treatment strategies based on its dynamic changes.

Keywords: MIMIC-IV database; latent growth mixture model; sodium; trajectory; traumatic brain injury.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart for inclusion exclusion of TBI patients.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Classes of serum sodium levels in TBI patients at 96 h After ICU admission.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Kaplan-Meyer survival curves in TBI patients with different serum sodium classes. (A) 30-day Kaplan-Meier survival curves for TBI patients with different serum sodium levels; (B) 90-day Kaplan-Meier survival curves for TBI patients with different serum sodium levels.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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