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Review
. 2025 Jul-Aug;122(4):315-323.

A Practice Primer and Update on Anti-Bacterial Resistance

Pak Ho Au  1 , Mustafa Gandhi  2 , Kathryn Deere  3 , Jina Patel  3 , Hariharan Regunath  4
Affiliations
Review

A Practice Primer and Update on Anti-Bacterial Resistance

Pak Ho Au et al. Mo Med. 2025 Jul-Aug.

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is driven by inappropriate antibiotic use. Multi-drug resistance is a rising concern in Gram-negative bacteria. Prompt recognition and appropriate antibiotics are needed for improving outcomes. This is a practice primer for clinicians in the management of resistant infections that summarizes mechanisms, treatment, updates and the spectrum of activity for newer antibiotics, most relevant to current clinical practice.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: No financial disclosures reported. Artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies were not used in the conceptualization, study, research, preparation, or writing of this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Gram-negative β—lactamases’ classification Source: Reproduced with permission from reference
Figure 2
Figure 2
Algorithmic approach to appropriate antibiotic therapy and stewardship Abbreviation: PCR - polymerase chain reaction
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