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. 2025 Jul 23;10(30):32754-32764.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c00096. eCollection 2025 Aug 5.

Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Green Synthesized Poly(MBAAm- co-VSPI) Zwitterionic Nanoparticles for the Removal of Reactive Dyes

Nidhi Regina Mendonca  1 , Arun M Isloor  1 , Ramin Farnood  2
Affiliations

Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Green Synthesized Poly(MBAAm- co-VSPI) Zwitterionic Nanoparticles for the Removal of Reactive Dyes

Nidhi Regina Mendonca et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Reactive dyes are well known for their color fastness. However, they also display a tendency toward carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Hence, among the many methods for their removal from dye wastewater, membrane technology appears to be the most viable. In this work, zwitterionic polymeric nanoparticles poly-(MBAAm-co-VSPI) were synthesized via precipitation polymerization following a free radical mechanism using N,N'-methylene bis-(acrylamide) (MBAAm) as a cross-linker and laboratory-synthesized 1-vinyl-3-(3-sulfanatopropyl)-1H-imidazole-3-ium (VSPI) as the monomer. The reaction was carried out in water by utilizing a water-soluble free radical initiator 2,2'-azobis-2-methylpropionamide dichloride (V-50). The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, zeta potential, DLS, and BET studies. Mixed matrix membranes were fabricated by the incorporation of laboratory-synthesized nanoparticles in the polysulfone (PSf) polymer matrix. Among the series of membranes fabricated, PM-2 showed the highest rejection of the reactive dyes, Reactive Black 5 (RB5 98%) and Reactive Orange 16 (RO16 86%), at 20 ppm concentration along with good pure water permeability of 82.34 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. Hence, this membrane has potential for the treatment of textile wastewater.

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Figures

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Scheme for the synthesis of VSPI.
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Scheme for the synthesis of poly­(MBAAm-co-VSPI).
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SEM image of poly­(MBAAm-co-VSPI) nanoparticles.
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FTIR spectrum of (a) MBAAm and (b) poly­(MBAAm-co-VSPI).
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TGA and DTA of poly­(MBAAm-co-VSPI).
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SEM images displaying the cross section of the membranes.
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Overall permeability of the membranes: (a) pure water and (b) water permeability from BSA solution. Time-dependent permeability of the membranes: (c) pure water and (d) water permeability from BSA solution.
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Dye rejection study of (a) RB5 and (b) RO16 of fabricated membranes along with their permeability.
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BSA rejection study of the membranes.
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Membrane zeta potentials of PM-0 and PM-2.
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AFM images of the fabricated membranes.
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Graph displaying the antifouling property of the poly­(MBAAm-co-VSPI)-incorporated membranes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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