Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul 17;87(8):4875-4881.
doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002723. eCollection 2025 Aug.

Prevalence and determinants of poor sleep quality among patients of diabetes mellitus: a tertiary hospital-based cross-sectional study

Muhammad Hamayal  1 , Warda Shahid  1 , Saad Wali  1 , Naveed Ahmad  1 , Raouf Ahmad  2   3 , Iqra Iftikhar  1 , Muhammad Danyal Tahir  1 , Momina Hafeez  1 , Abdul Haseeb  3 , Shajee Ahmad Siddiqui  4
Affiliations

Prevalence and determinants of poor sleep quality among patients of diabetes mellitus: a tertiary hospital-based cross-sectional study

Muhammad Hamayal et al. Ann Med Surg (Lond). .

Abstract

Background: The effects of diabetes on sleep quality are pronounced and have a cause-effect relationship. The major aim of this study was to check for the prevalence of poor sleep quality and associated factors among patients of diabetes mellitus in Pakistan as every 1 in 4 individuals is suffering from diabetes in Pakistan.

Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on diagnosed patients of diabetes mellitus from September 2023 to March 2024 using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). SPSS v.27 was used for data analysis. Frequencies, percentages for sample characteristics and means for PSQI were calculated. Chi-square and spearman were run for association and correlations respectively. Risk factors were predicted using binary logistic regression.

Results: A total of 384 responses were collected with 12 excluded. The prevalence of poor sleepers came out to be 82% and poor sleep was significantly associated and correlated with increasing age, poor glycemic control, and metformin as well as income, education and duration of diabetes respectively. Presence of comorbidities and uncontrolled diabetes were the only associated risk factors.

Conclusions: Pakistani population with diabetes mellitus have an extremely high rate of poor sleep quality which should be addressed by adding sleep quality-oriented guidelines in the management of diabetes.

Keywords: Pakistan; diabetes mellitus; sleep hygiene; sleep quality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. None.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of study sample selection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Antar SA, Ashour NA, Sharaky M, et al. Diabetes mellitus: classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2023;168:115734. - PubMed
    1. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022;183:109119. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Poznyak A, Grechko AV, Poggio P, et al. The diabetes mellitus-atherosclerosis connection: the role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:1835. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kalra S, Jena BN, Yeravdekar R. Emotional and psychological needs of people with diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018;22:696–704. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cormier RE. Sleep disturbances. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW. (eds.). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Boston: Copyright © Butterworth Publishers, a division of Reed Publishing; 1990. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources