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. 2025 Aug 11;9(1):e003637.
doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003637.

Oxygenation indices and echocardiographic markers of pulmonary hypertension and ventricular dysfunction in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Talal Altamimi  1 , Mohammed Almahdi  1   2 , Saleh S Algarni  1   2   3 , Saad Alshreedah  1 , Naif Alotaibi  1 , Mohammed Sufyani  1 , Mohanned Alrahili  1   3 , Abdulrahman Almehaid  1 , Ibrahim Ali  1   3 , Saif Alsaif  1   2   3 , Kamal Ali  4   2   3
Affiliations

Oxygenation indices and echocardiographic markers of pulmonary hypertension and ventricular dysfunction in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Talal Altamimi et al. BMJ Paediatr Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between early oxygenation indices (oxygenation index (OI) and oxygen saturation index (OSI)) and echocardiographic markers of ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Design: Single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Level III neonatal intensive care unit at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Patients: A total of 47 neonates with CDH admitted between 2016 and 2024 were included. Infants with major congenital heart disease or chromosomal anomalies were excluded.

Main outcome measures: Correlation of OI and OSI within the first 48 hours with echocardiographic markers of ventricular function, pulmonary hypertension and Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS).

Results: Among 47 infants, survival was 70%. Survivors had higher left ventricular ejection fraction (M-mode: 61% vs 40%, p=0.010) and more preserved speckle-tracking strain (-17% vs -11%, p=0.006). Non-survivors had elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) (68 vs 40 mm Hg, p=0.001), greater systolic eccentricity index (1.9 vs 1.4, p=0.002) and a higher percentage of right-to-left patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunting (50% vs 11%, p<0.001). Higher best, mean and highest OI and OSI values were significantly correlated with impaired ventricular function, elevated RVSP and greater right-to-left PDA flow. VIS was strongly correlated with all oxygenation indices, with the strongest correlations observed for mean OSI (r=0.851, p<0.001) and mean OI (r=0.812, p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that RVSP had the strongest predictive accuracy for survival (area under the curve (AUC) 0.985, sensitivity 98% and specificity 97%), followed by the percentage of right-to-left PDA shunting (AUC 0.847) and left ventricular output (AUC 0.825).

Conclusions: Elevated oxygenation indices within the first 48 hours are associated with biventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and higher inotropic support requirements in CDH. Integration of early oxygenation measures and echocardiographic assessment may enhance risk stratification and guide therapeutic decision-making.

Keywords: Cardiology; Neonatology; Oxygen Saturation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Study flow diagram showing inclusion and exclusion of infants diagnosed with CDH. CDH, congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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