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Review
. 2025 Aug 11.
doi: 10.1007/s40615-025-02583-7. Online ahead of print.

Systems Factors Contributing to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Health: A Systematic Review

Tosin B Akintunde  1 , Myesha A Senior  1 , Ayaba Logan  2 , Myrtede C Alfred  3
Affiliations
Review

Systems Factors Contributing to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Health: A Systematic Review

Tosin B Akintunde et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. .

Abstract

Introduction: Despite ongoing efforts to reduce adverse maternal outcomes, including maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity, racial/ethnic disparities in outcomes persist in high-income countries, including the United States (US) and Canada. Limited research has examined hospital-level factors that may drive disparities and contribute to adverse outcomes. This systematic review summarizes factors within the health system contributing to adverse outcomes and racial/ethnic disparities in the US and Canada to inform future policies and practices.

Method: We searched SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest Healthcare Administration for studies that reported hospital-level factors contributing to adverse maternal outcomes and racial/ethnic disparities. The review followed a two-stage screening process. The risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The System Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) 2.0 framework guided the identification and categorization of factors.

Results: Of 2441 studies retrieved, 30 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight studies were conducted in the US, and 2 were conducted in Canada. The review included 16 qualitative, 11 quantitative, and 3 mixed-methods studies. We identified 60 factors associated with different system components, including person(s) (12%), tasks (28%), tools and technology (7%), internal environment (10%), organization (28%), and external environment (15%). Shortage of resources, including staffing, poor care coordination, and discriminatory organizational practices, were key factors described in the studies.

Conclusion: Addressing health system factors in addition to broader societal factors is important to reduce adverse outcomes and promote equity for all women and birthing persons.

Keywords: Adverse outcomes; Equity; Health system; Maternal outcomes; Racial/ethnic disparities; System factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

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