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Review
. 2025 Dec;39(4):663-683.
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2025.07.007. Epub 2025 Aug 11.

Microbiome Therapeutics for Clostridioides difficile Infection

Christine W Lucky  1 , Rachel L Medernach  2 , Brendan J Kelly  3 , Jennie H Kwon  4 , Michael H Woodworth  5
Affiliations
Review

Microbiome Therapeutics for Clostridioides difficile Infection

Christine W Lucky et al. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Microbiota-based therapies are used increasingly for the treatment and prevention of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), particularly in cases of recurrent CDI (rCDI). This review discusses the different types of microbiota-based therapies, including fecal microbiota transplant, fecal microbiota products, and live biotherapeutic products. The authors present efficacy data regarding clinical use in rCDI and highlight the unique aspects of each product.

Keywords: Clostridioides difficile infection; Fecal microbiota products; Fecal microbiota transplant; Live biotherapeutic products; Microbiome; Recurrent C difficile.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures C.W. Lucky, R.L. Medernach, B.J. Kelly, J.H. Kwon, and M.H. Woodworth do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose. C.W. Lucky and R.L. Medernach were supported by cooperative agreement 6U54CK000607 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States (CDC). J.H. Kwon was supported by cooperative agreement 6U54CK000609 from CDC. B.J. Kelly was supported by CDC cooperative agreement FOA#CK16-004-Epicenters for the Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections. M.H. Woodworth was supported by the Emory Prevention Epicenter Program (PEACH) through CDC (U54CK000601) as well as the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States (K23AI144036). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC or the National Institutes of Health.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Method of fecal microbiota production administration. (A) Fecal microbiota, live-jslm. (B) Fecal microbiota spores, Live-brpk. (BioRender.com).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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