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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2025 Aug 4;27(8):euaf176.
doi: 10.1093/europace/euaf176.

Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation with adjunctive linear ablation vs. circumferential pulmonary vein isolation alone for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized pilot study

Yeqian Zhu  1 , Yan Dong  1 , Qiushi Chen  1 , Li Jiang  1 , Yuan He  1 , Nishant Yadav  1 , Kejiang Cao  1 , Fengxiang Zhang  1
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation with adjunctive linear ablation vs. circumferential pulmonary vein isolation alone for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized pilot study

Yeqian Zhu et al. Europace. .

Abstract

Aims: This prospective randomized controlled trial investigated the comparative efficacy and safety of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) combined with modified linear ablation (CPVI-MLA) vs. standalone CPVI in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF).

Methods and results: In this single-centre pilot trial, 134 LSPAF patients were randomized to the CPVI-MLA (n = 67) or CPVI-only (n = 67) groups. The CPVI-MLA protocol integrated four components: (i) ethanol infusion targeting the ligament of Marshall; (ii) complete CPVI; (iii) extended lesion sets (posterior wall isolation, dual isthmus ablation); and (iv) substrate modification [left atrial intima adjoining coronary sinus (LAI-CS) and superior vena cava isolation (SVCI)]. A 24 h Holter monitoring was performed at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month follow-up visits, with 7-day Holter monitoring at the 12th month follow-up visit. The primary endpoint was freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias (≥ 30 s) after the initial 3-month blanking period post-index procedure, without antiarrhythmic drugs. After a mean follow-up of 14.5 ± 9.1 months, 76.1% (51/67) in the CPVI-MLA group and 65.7% (44/67) in the CPVI-only group achieved the primary endpoint (P = 0.32). However, the CPVI-MLA group demonstrated significantly higher atrial fibrillation (AF)-free survival rate (91.0 vs. 76.1%, P = 0.049), while atrial tachycardia/atrial flutter-free survival rates were comparable (83.5 vs. 88.1%, P = 0.45). The CPVI-MLA strategy required longer ablation time (68.6 ± 12.3 vs. 49.4 ± 10.3 min, P < 0.001) and fluoroscopy exposure (14.9 ± 9.8 vs. 9.3 ± 6.7 min, P < 0.001). Serious adverse events were rare and similar between groups (1.5 vs. 0%, P = 1.00).

Conclusion: In patients with LSPAF, the CPVI-MLA strategy significantly improved freedom from AF compared with CPVI alone, although it did not improve overall sinus rhythm maintenance rate. This strategy may offer a refined approach for complex AF ablation, warranting further validation in larger trials.

Keywords: Catheter ablation; Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; Long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation; Modified linear ablation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: none declared.

Figures

Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
AF, atrial fibrillation; ATA, atrial tachyarrhythmia; CPVI, circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; CPVI-MLA, CPVI with modified linear ablation; LSPAF, long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.
Figure 1
Figure 1
The flow chart of the study. LSPAF, long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation; CPVI, circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; LAD, left atrium diameter.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CPVI-only group and CPVI-MLA group. CPVI, circumferential pulmonary vein isolation; CPVI-MLA, CPVI with modified linear ablation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Kaplan–Meier curve for freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias after the index ablation procedure by intention-to-treat analysis. (A) Any documented atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA); (B) atrial fibrillation (AF); (C) atrial flutter (AFL)/atrial tachycardia (AT). HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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