Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul 21;12(8):ofaf433.
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf433. eCollection 2025 Aug.

Economic Burden of TB Deaths in India (2021): A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

Karikalan Nagarajan  1 , Malaisamy Muniyandi  2 , Venkateshprabhu Janagaraj  2 , Karthick Chelvanayagam  2 , Stephen Arangba  3 , Senthil Sellappan  1 , Mahalingam Vasantha  4
Affiliations

Economic Burden of TB Deaths in India (2021): A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

Karikalan Nagarajan et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: We aimed to estimat the economic burden of TB deaths in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) across Indian states, regions, and different demographic groups.

Methodology: Using the Human Capital Approach, we estimated the non-health GDP losses due to TB deaths in India for 2021 at subnational level. The total monetary value for the years of life lost due to TB deaths was calculated.

Results: In 2021, 0.393 million TB deaths occurred in India, which would reduce the non-health GDP by US$9.1 billion. North, West, South, and North Eastern states of India incurred 33.5%, 25.6%, 18.5%, and 9.3% of that economic loss respectively. Each TB death resulted in non-health GDP loss of US$23 161. The economic burden was highest among youngr males (20.5%) followed by males aged >75 years (17.3%). The economic cost was minimal among male adolescents and youth accounting for 3.4%.

Conclusions: Finndings underscore the urgent need for concerted multisectoral efforts, sustained investments and strategies to reduce TB deaths, and mitigate the resulting economic losses at sub-national level.

Keywords: Economic loss; India; gross domestic product; mortality; tuberculosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Total monetary value of years of life lost (TMVYLL) from tuberculosis deaths.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Monetary value of years of life lost (MVYLL) from tuberculosis deaths, categorized by age groups and zone.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Monetary value of years of life lost (MVYLL) from tuberculosis deaths, categorized by gender and zone.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Monetary value of years of life lost (MVYLL) from tuberculosis deaths, categorized by gender and age groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363752/9789240061729-eng.pdf.... Accessed 12 August 2024.
    1. Pai M, Bhaumik S, Bhuyan SS. India's plan to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025: converting rhetoric into reality. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2:e000326. - PMC - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/379339/9789240101531-eng.pdf.... Accessed 5 February 2025.
    1. Muniyandi M, Thomas BE, Karikalan N, et al. Association of tuberculosis with household catastrophic expenditure in South India. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1920973. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Laxminarayan R, Klein E, Dye C, Floyd K, Darley S, Adeyi O. Economic benefit of tuberculosis control (policy research working paper No. 4295). Washington DC: World Bank, 2007. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7483. Accessed 27 August 2024.