Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Aug 13;37(7-9):38.
doi: 10.1007/s44445-025-00047-6.

Evaluation of the Effect of Saudi Coffee Consumption in Comparison to Various Types of Coffees on the Color of Novel Aesthetic Dental Ceramics

Ghada O Alrabeah  1 , Abdullatif A AlGhazzi  2 , Naif H AlOtaibi  2 , Ali N AlAnzan  2 , Khalid F AlOtaibi  2
Affiliations

Evaluation of the Effect of Saudi Coffee Consumption in Comparison to Various Types of Coffees on the Color of Novel Aesthetic Dental Ceramics

Ghada O Alrabeah et al. Saudi Dent J. .

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saudi coffee consumption in comparison to various types of commonly used coffees (instant black, Turkish, and espresso) on the color of novel aesthetic dental ceramics. A total of 144 flat cylindrical discs with an 8-mm diameter and 0.5-mm thickness were created using CAD/CAM technology. Three ceramic materials were used: Lithium disilicate (Emax) and two ultra-translucent monolithic zirconia ceramics; Aidite and Cercon Xt (Cer). The specimens were immersed in six coffee solutions: Saudi coffee from eastern region (ES), Saudi coffee from northern region (SN), Saudi coffee from middle region (SM), instant black coffee (Ne), Turkish coffee (Tk) and espresso coffee (Es). All specimens (n = 8) were immersed for a period of 15 days. The color of all specimens was measured before and after immersion, and the CIE L*a* b* coordinates were obtained with a spectrophotometer. Values for the translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR) and color change (ΔE) for each specimen were calculated. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA and post hoc testing. Color coordinates L*, a* and b* significantly changed after immersion in all coffee solutions relative to pre-immersion values, with a noticeable decrease in lightness (L*) (P < .05). A significant color change (∆E) was observed in all tested materials in all coffee solutions after immersion, with ∆E values exceeding 5.26 (P < 0.05). Color changes (∆E) for specimens immersed in the three formulations of Saudi coffee were significantly less than those immersed in the other coffee solutions (P < 0.05). Saudi coffee with formulations from the northern region resulted in more color changes in Emax in comparisons to the other two Saudi coffee formulations from the middle and eastern regions. Aidite and Cer ceramics showed less TP values than Emax. Consumption of coffee for a period of simulated 1 year has significantly altered the color of ceramic materials to a level above the threshold at which the clinical perception of color change occurred (> 3.3). Saudi coffee consumption caused less changes in the color of tested ceramics in comparison to the consumption of commonly used coffees (instant black, turkish, and espresso).

Keywords: Ceramics; Coffee; Color change; Lithium disilicate; Monolithic zirconia; Stainability; Translucency.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Statement: No ethical approval was required. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the College of Dentistry Research Center (Registration number IR-0494; Dated: 13–05-2024). Consent for publication: All authors agree for publication of research. Consent to participate: All authors consent to participate in the research. Competing Interest: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest.”

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Ceramic specimen in the form of cylindrical disk
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Ceramic specimen immersed in 2 ml of coffee solution within plastic container
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Color differences (∆E) between pre and post immersion of the three ceramic materials in the six coffee solutions. * Significance at (p < 0.5) for Saudi coffees relative to other coffee solutions (Ne, Tk, Es), § Significance at (p < 0.05) for Emax within Saudi coffee formulations (SE, SN, SM). † Significance at (p < 0.05) for Aidite in Ne relative to other coffee solutions. ★ Significance at (p < 0.5) for Cer in Tk relative to other coffee solutions
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Aidite zirconia ceramic discs before (PRE) and after immersion in six coffee solutions
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Translucency parameter (TP) of the three ceramic materials before (PRE) and after immersion in six coffee solutions. * Significance at (P < 0.05) in all groups after immersion in all coffee solutions. ★ Significance at (P < 0.05) for Emax relative to other materials. † Significance at (P < 0.05) for Emax in Ne relative to all other coffee solutions. § Significance at (P < 0.05) for Emax in SN relative to Emax in Es. ♀ Significance at (P < 0.05) for Aidite in ES relative to Aidite in the three Saudi coffees (SE, SN, SM). ✦ Significant at (P < 0.05) for Aidite in Tk relative to Aidite in Saudi coffees SN and SM
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Contrast Ratio (CR) of the three ceramic materials before (PRE) and after immersion in six coffee solutions. * Significance at (P < 0.5) for Aidite in Es relative to PRE values. † Significance at (P < 0.5) for Aidite in Tk relative to Aidite in SE, SN, and Ne. ✦ Significance at (P < 0.5) for Cer in SE, SM, Es relative to Cer in Ne
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Abu Ramadan NW, Alansary H, Kotb SN (2025) Effect of acidic medium on color stability and surface roughness of multicolor hybrid ceramics: an in-vitro study. Adv Dent J 7(2):122–132
    1. Adawi HA, Al Mialeem MM, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M, Qahhar MA, Muharraq SMH, Alghazali NA (2021) Assessment of color stainability of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (cad/cam) ceramic materials after hot and cold coffee immersion at different time intervals. Med Sci Monitor : Int Med J Exp Clin Res 27:e932745 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Al Ahmari NM (2022) Influence of Arabic Qahwa beverage on optical and mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass ceramics and zirconia restorative materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 23(2):154–161 - PubMed
    1. Al Ahmari NM, Alahmari MA, Al Moaleem MM, Alshahrani RSA, Alqahtani FF, Mohammed WS, Al-Makramani BMA, Mehta V, Meto A, Meto A (2022) Physical, optical, and mechanical properties of ceramic materials after coffee immersion and evaluation of cleaning impact with different oral hygiene tools. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:15047 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Aldosari LI, Alshadidi AA, Porwal A (2021) Surface roughness and color measurements of glazed or polished hybrid, feldspathic, and zirconia CAD/CAM restorative materials after hot and cold coffee immersion. BMC Oral Health 21:422–31 - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources