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. 2025 Aug 13;26(1):460.
doi: 10.1186/s12882-025-04375-x.

Incidence and risk factors of post-transplant diabetes mellitus among kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective study from a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia

Mutlaq Alotaibi  1 , Najlaa Almalki  2 , Manal E Alotaibi  3 , Majed Alosaimi  2 , Monther Alazwari  2 , Mohamed Hussein  2 , Faisal Alhomayani  4 , Abdulmajeed Alotaibi  2 , Ameerah Bajaber  5 , Fahad Bhutto  6 , Abdulmajeed Algethami  4 , Bassem A Almalki  7
Affiliations

Incidence and risk factors of post-transplant diabetes mellitus among kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective study from a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia

Mutlaq Alotaibi et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common metabolic complication following kidney transplantation, adversely affecting graft and patient outcomes. This study aims to identify the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of PTDM among kidney transplant recipients at Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including adult kidney transplant recipients from January 1984 to December 2023, excluding patients with pre-existing diabetes. Data were extracted from electronic medical records, encompassing demographics, clinical characteristics, transplantation details, and laboratory parameters. PTDM was diagnosed based on the American Diabetes Association criteria. Statistical analyses included t-tests, multivariate logistic regression, chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher’s exact tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined optimal cutoff values for predictive variables.

Results: Of 228 kidney transplant recipients (64% males, mean age 47.2 ± 14.6 years), 54 (23.7%) developed PTDM. PTDM patients were significantly older (53.1 ± 12.9 vs. 45.4 ± 14.6 years, p < 0.001) and had higher BMI (27.0 ± 4.7 vs. 25.2 ± 5.4 kg/m², p = 0.023). Hypertension was a more frequent cause of ESRD in the PTDM group (24.1% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.006). Tacrolimus levels ≥ 7 ng/mL were associated with higher PTDM incidence (70% vs. 52%, p = 0.032). Hypomagnesemia and uACR were also higher in PTDM patients compared to non-PTDM. Multivariate logistic regression identified age, hypomagnesaemia, uACR ≥ 9, and tacrolimus levels > 7 as independent PTDM predictors (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: PTDM affects a substantial proportion of kidney transplant recipients, with older age, hypomagnesemia, increased uACR, and elevated tacrolimus levels emerging as key risk factors. Close monitoring and individualized immunosuppressive strategies may mitigate PTDM risk and improve post-transplant outcomes.

Trial registration: Not applicable. The study is not a clinical trial.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-025-04375-x.

Keywords: Incidence; Kidney transplant; Post-transplant diabetes mellitus; Retrospective study; Risk factors; Saudi Arabia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Armed Forces Hospitals. Informed consent was waived in accordance with ethical guidelines. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study flow chart
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The incidence of PTDM by age quartile (p-value < 0.001)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Relationship between BMI and PTDM development
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Tacrolimus levels (ng/mL) and PTDM incidence
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Summary of independent risk factors for PTDM
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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