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. 2025 Aug 13;25(1):2751.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23872-0.

Adolescent loneliness as a predictor of adult obesity: a longitudinal analysis from the HUNT study, Norway

Vegar Rangul #  1   2 , Marte Brennsaeter #  3 , Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes  4 , Kirsti Kvaløy  3   5   6 , Julie Friis #  3
Affiliations

Adolescent loneliness as a predictor of adult obesity: a longitudinal analysis from the HUNT study, Norway

Vegar Rangul et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Obesity and loneliness are growing public health concerns with potential long-term health implications. Although both issues have been extensively studied separately, the relationship between adolescent loneliness and adult obesity remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the associations between self-reported loneliness during adolescence and obesity in adulthood, analyze trends in loneliness and obesity among adolescents and young adults, and examine potential sex differences in these associations.

Methods: This prospective study used data from The Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway. The initial data collection focused on adolescents aged 13-19 years in 2006-2008 (Young-HUNT3), with a follow-up conducted in 2017-2019 (HUNT4) when participants were 23-31 years old; in total, 2,293 respondents (1,320 females and 973 males) were included. Loneliness was assessed using a single-item questionnaire, whereas obesity was assessed via body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Multinomial logistic and linear regression models adjusted for covariates were used to analyze the associations between adolescent loneliness and adult obesity.

Results: The prevalence of obesity increased significantly from adolescence to adulthood in both sexes, and the proportion of obese individuals increased from 4.0 to 16.6% in females and from 6.4 to 18.3% in males. Loneliness rates decreased in females but remained stable in males. Adolescents experiencing frequent loneliness showed a higher obesity risk in young adulthood than their less lonely peers. This relationship persisted after adjusting for confounding factors. Lonely adolescent males presented greater odds of BMI-defined obesity (OR 2.60, 95% CI: 1.12- 6.06) and greater BMI increases (1.97 kg/m², 95% CI: 0.38- 3.55) than females did (OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.03- 3.22; BMI increase 1.16 kg/m², 95% CI: 0.01-2.31) later as adults.

Conclusions: This study suggests that loneliness in adolescence may be a risk factor for BMI-defined obesity and increased WC in adulthood, with some variations in the strength of associations observed across sexes. The findings highlight the critical need to address loneliness as a public health concern and underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach to adolescent health, considering the long-term associations between social and emotional well-being on physical health outcomes.

Keywords: Adolescents; Epidemiology; HUNT; Loneliness; Obesity; Prospective.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and is based on a data protection impact assessment (DPIA). Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) in Norway, license number: 2023/670519. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants in the HUNT study signed an informed consent form allowing the use of their data and samples for research. All research at HUNT is in accordance with the guidelines of the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics (REK), Data Inspectorate and applicable law. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of participants across the Young-HUNT3-HUNT4 surveys
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Variation in obesity rates (BMI ≥ 30) from adolescence (YH3) to young adulthood (HUNT4) among individuals who reported being rarely lonely versus lonely during adolescence
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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