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. 2025 Aug 13;25(1):1324.
doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-06719-3.

Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland

Livia Liechti  1 , Vera Regitz-Zagrosek  2   3 , Pimrapat Gebert  2 , Patrick R Schmidlin  4 , Guglielmo Campus  5   6
Affiliations

Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland

Livia Liechti et al. BMC Oral Health. .

Abstract

Backgrounds: The role of sex- and gender-related traits has often been downplayed in clinical studies and periodontal disease is no exception. Sex and gender represent distinct biological and sociocultural factors that may independently influence periodontal disease. These factors can affect the risk and progression of periodontal disease as well as response to treatment. This clinical observational study was designed to evaluate gender distribution and the impact of sex and gender on health of gingival tissue using bleeding on probing and probing depth (Periodontal Screening Index "PSI").

Methods: Four hundred thirty patients were included in this study. Clinical parameters were retrieved from standard examination and a questionnaire was used to assess gender. Sex was characterized as indicated in the birth certificate, a short version of a Swiss-Canadian gender questionnaire was used for the assessment of gender. In addition, patients were asked about self-attribution of gender and the gender Score (GS) was constructed for each subject.

Results: 53.0% (228 patients) were females and 47.0% (202 patients) males. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding sex distribution between the categorization of PSI in two and three groups (p = 0.68 and p = 0.57 respectively). The mean gender score (GS) in the subjects with Gingivitis/Mild Periodontitis was 51.75 ± 41.77 while in the subjects with claimed Periodontitis was 51.74 ± 40.55 (One-way ANOVA F = 0.00 p = 0.98). There was no statistically significant association between GS and periodontitis.

Conclusions: This study is one of the first to examine both sex and gender using a validated score in relation to periodontal disease. The outcomes of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that gender is not an indicator for the presence of periodontal disease in Swiss population, emphasizing the need to consider sex and gender as separate factors in clinical studies. Clinical screening protocols may not need to be adjusted based on gender-related traits.

Keywords: Gender; Periodontal disease; Periodontitis; Sex.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained before the start of the study by “Swiss ethics” (Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committees, BASEC-Nr 2020–02864, date of approval: 16th March 2021). Written informed consent of the participants was obtained prior to their inclusion in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig.1
Fig.1
Gender score distribution for men and women
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Association of GS with periodontitis, feminine vs. masculine characteristics
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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