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. 2025 Jul 23;15(15):2169.
doi: 10.3390/ani15152169.

Effects of Creep Feeding from Birth to Suckling Period on Hanwoo Calves' Growth Performance and Microbiota

SoHee Lee  1 , Young Lae Kim  1 , Gi Hwal Son  1   2 , Eui Kyung Lee  1 , Nam Oh Kim  1 , Chang Sik Choi  1 , Kyung Hoon Lee  1 , Hyeon Ji Cha  1 , Jong-Suh Shin  1 , Min Ji Kim  1 , Byung Ki Park  1
Affiliations

Effects of Creep Feeding from Birth to Suckling Period on Hanwoo Calves' Growth Performance and Microbiota

SoHee Lee et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of early-life creep feeding with a high-protein, high-energy diet on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and gut microbiota in Hanwoo calves (n = 10). Calves were assigned to control or treatment groups from birth to 6 months of age. No significant differences were observed in body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or feed conversion ratio (FCR), but ADG and dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be higher in the treatment group. Ruminal pH, NH3-N, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations showed no significant differences. Fecal VFA profiles exhibited numerical trends suggesting higher propionate at 3 months and lower acetate, butyrate, and total VFA at 6 months in the treatment group, potentially reflecting altered substrate availability or absorption capacity, though these mechanisms were not directly measured. Microbiota analysis indicated stable ruminal alpha diversity, with numerical increases in fecal Bacteroidetes and genera such as Fournierella and Flavonifractor in the treatment group. These results suggest that early creep feeding with high-nutrition diets can support intake and promote potential shifts in hindgut microbiota composition without compromising overall microbial stability. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these trends and assess long-term impacts on calf health and productivity.

Keywords: Hanwoo; calf; creep feeding; growth performance; microbiota.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of creep feeding from birth to the suckling period on total microbial population (phylum) in rumen. (a) 3 months of age; (b) 6 months of age.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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