Sport-Specific Risks of Osteochondritis Dissecans Across Athletic Disciplines: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) is a joint condition characterized by damage to the surface of the joint and the underlying subchondral bone, leading to early-onset osteoarthritis. It predominantly affects the knee, elbow, and ankle, with higher prevalence in juveniles actively participating in sports, which complicates the condition due to slow healing processes and prolonged restrictions on physical activities. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on OCD in athletes, with emphasis on sport-specific risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment, to support clinical decision-making and future research. We conducted searches in the PubMed and Embase databases, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. The keywords used in the search covered most common sports in combination with term osteochondritis dissecans. This review examines the impacts of various sports on the development of OCD, analyzing prevalence and risk factors, with a focus on sports-specific risks across athletic disciplines like football, basketball, baseball, and gymnastics. The significance of early detection, intervention, and sport-specific conditioning is underscored to prevent the condition and manage it effectively. Moreover, the review highlights the positive prognosis for athletes, particularly adolescents, recovering from OCD, with a high rate of return to sport. Understanding the sports-specific risks, ensuring early intervention, and adopting a cautious, stepwise return to sport are critical for managing OCD effectively, thereby safeguarding the health and careers of athletes.

Keywords: OCD; baseball; basketball; football; osteochondritis dissecans.