Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jul 24;17(15):2416.
doi: 10.3390/nu17152416.

Obtaining and Characterization of Nutraceuticals Based on Linoleic Acid Derivatives Obtained by Green Synthesis and Their Valorization in the Food Industry

Cristina Adriana Dehelean  1   2   3 , Casiana Boru  4 , Ioana Gabriela Macașoi  2   3 , Ștefania-Irina Dumitrel  2   3 , Cristina Trandafirescu  3 , Alexa Ersilia  1
Affiliations
Review

Obtaining and Characterization of Nutraceuticals Based on Linoleic Acid Derivatives Obtained by Green Synthesis and Their Valorization in the Food Industry

Cristina Adriana Dehelean et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background/Objectives: As an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA) plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes, modulating inflammatory responses, and mediating intracellular signaling. This review explores the structure, properties, and nutritional significance of LA and its bioactive derivatives, with particular attention to sustainable production methods and their potential applications. Methods: A comprehensive review of the recent literature was conducted, emphasizing the use of green synthesis techniques, such as enzyme-catalyzed biocatalysis and microbiological transformations, in order to obtain LA-derived nutraceuticals. Analyses were conducted on the key aspects related to food industry applications, regulatory frameworks, and emerging market trends. Results: Through green synthesis strategies, LA derivatives with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties have been developed. There is potential for these compounds to be incorporated into health-oriented food products. In spite of this, challenges remain regarding their stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, there are inconsistencies in international regulatory standards which prevent these compounds from being widely adopted. Conclusions: The development of functional and sustainable food products based on linoleic acid derivatives obtained using ecological methods offers significant potential. Research is required to optimize production processes, enhance compound stability, and clinically validate health effects. The integration of the market and the safety of consumers will be supported by addressing regulatory harmonization.

Keywords: food industry; green synthesis; linoleic acid; nutraceuticals.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Linoleic acid chemical structure. The molecular structure was made with KingDraw, V3.6.1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graphic representation of the main biological effects of CLA as well as the associated mechanisms of action. Created in Biorender (https://BioRender.com). Stefania, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/r7unm2c (accessed on 20 July 2025).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphic representation of the main biological effects of 13-HODE and 9-HODE, as well as their associated mechanisms of action. Created in BioRender. Stefania, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/hmyrcv8 (accessed on 20 July 2025).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graphic representation of the main biological effects of epoxygenated fatty acids (EpFAs), as well as their associated mechanisms of action. Created in BioRender. Stefania, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/v426x8x (accessed on 20 July 2025).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Graphic representation of the main biological effects of oxo-fatty acids (oxo-FAs), as well as their associated mechanisms of action. Created in BioRender. Stefania, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/w3r5zhl.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Graphic representation of the main biological effects of linoleic acid-derived esters, as well as their associated mechanisms of action. Created in BioRender. Stefania, D. (2025) https://BioRender.com/oddz0k3.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Graphical model: multifunctional role of green-synthesized linoleic acid derivatives in functional foods.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Santini A., Cammarata S.M., Capone G., Ianaro A., Tenore G.C., Pani L., Novellino E. Nutraceuticals: Opening the Debate for a Regulatory Framework. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2018;84:659–672. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alam M.S., Maity M.K., Nazmi A.S., Ali M. Anthocyanins: Pharmacology and Nutraceutical Importance. Bentham Science Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; Sharjah, United Arab Emirates: 2024. Anthocyanins: Pharmacology and Nutraceutical Importance; pp. 92–107. - DOI
    1. Cena H., Calder P.C. Defining a Healthy Diet: Evidence for the Role of Contemporary Dietary Patterns in Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2020;12:334. doi: 10.3390/nu12020334. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization . Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2018. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2018. pp. 1–223.
    1. Przybyłowicz K.E., Danielewicz A. Eating Habits and Disease Risk Factors. Nutrients. 2022;14:3143. doi: 10.3390/nu14153143. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources