Predictors of uveitic macular edema and functional prognostic outcomes: real-life data from the international AIDA Network uveitis registry

Jurgen Sota¹, Germán Mejía-Salgado², Silvana Guerriero³, Gaafar Ragab^{4

5}, Stefania Costi⁶, Maria Pia Paroli⁷, Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola⁸, Giuseppe Lopalco⁹, Luciana Breda¹⁰, Henrique Ayres Mayrink Giardini¹¹, Alex Fonollosa¹², Maria Sole Chimenti¹³, Antonio Vitale¹, Carla Gaggiano¹, Blanca Aguilar-Barrera², Laura Daniela Rodríguez-Camelo², Guillermo Arturo Guaracha-Basañez⁸, Mohamed Tharwat Hegazy^{4

5}, Rosanna Dammacco³, Valeria Albano³, Eduardo Martín-Nares⁸, Santiago Espinosa-Lugo², Mahmoud Ghanema⁴, Maria Morrone⁹, Saverio La Bella¹⁰, Rafael Alves Cordeiro¹¹, Francesco Carubbi¹⁴, Alessandro Conforti¹⁵, Piero Ruscitti¹⁶, Ibrahim AlMaglouth¹⁷, Rosaria Talarico¹⁸, Stefano Gentileschi¹, Petros P Sfikakis¹⁹, Valeria Caggiano¹, Matteo Piga²⁰, Adele Civino²¹, Francesca Ricci²², Maissa Thabet²³, Marcello Govoni²⁴, Abdurrahman Tufan²⁵, Francesca Crisafulli²⁶, Jessica Sbalchiero¹, Sulaiman M Al-Mayouf²⁷, Angela Mauro^{28

29}, Soad Hashad^{30

31}, Francesca Minoia³², Alma Nunzia Olivieri³³, Samar Tharwat^{34

35}, Maria Cristina Maggio³⁶, Abdelhfeez Moshrif³⁷, Gian Domenico Sebastiani³⁸, Daniela Opris-Belinski³⁹, Gülen Hatemi^{40

41}, Haner Direskeneli⁴², Fatma Alibaz-Öner⁴², Lampros Fotis⁴³, José Hernández-Rodríguez⁴⁴, Giovanni Conti⁴⁵, Piercarlo Sarzi Puttini⁴⁶, Ombretta Viapiana⁴⁷, Annarita Giardina⁴⁸, Patrizia Barone⁴⁹, Kalpana Babu⁵⁰, Rana Hussein Amin⁵¹, Perla Ayumi Kawakami-Campos⁵², Vishali Gupta⁵³, Annamaria Iagnocco⁵⁴, Ali Şahin⁵⁵, Antonella Insalaco⁵⁶, Andrés González-García⁵⁷, Ezgi Deniz Batu⁵⁸, Ester Carreño⁵⁹, Emanuela Del Giudice⁶⁰, Cecilia Beatrice Chighizola^{61

62}, Fabrizio Conti⁶³, Alberto Balistreri⁶⁴, Bruno Frediani¹, Luca Cantarini¹, Alejandra de-la-Torre², Claudia Fabiani⁶⁵

Affiliations

¹ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.
² Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
³ Department of DiBrain, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
⁴ Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt.
⁶ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.
⁷ Uveitis Unit, Department of Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
⁸ Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹ Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
¹¹ Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain.
¹³ Rheumatology, Allergology, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
¹⁵ U.O. Medicina Generale, Ospedale San Paolo di Civitavecchia, Civitavecchia, Rome, Italy.
¹⁶ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
¹⁷ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸ Unit of Rheumatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
¹⁹ Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Athens, Greece.
²⁰ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
²¹ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy.
²² Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili di Brescia [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy.
²³ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Farhat Hached University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
²⁴ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna-Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
²⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
²⁶ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁸ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁹ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Childhood and Developmental Medicine, Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
³⁰ Department of Rheumatology, Tripoli Children Hospital, Tripoli, Libya.
³¹ Department of Rheumatology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
³² Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
³³ Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
³⁴ Unit of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
³⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt.
³⁶ University Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
³⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
³⁸ U.O.C. Reumatologia, Ospedale San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
⁴⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴¹ Behçet's Disease Research Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴² Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴³ Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁴ Autoinflammatory Diseases Clinical Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁵ Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) G Martino, Messina, Italy.
⁴⁶ Unit of Rheumatology, Ospedale Sacco, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁷ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁴⁸ UOC Medicina Interna, Ambulatorio di Reumatologia, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy.
⁴⁹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
⁵⁰ Department of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation, Prabha Eye Clinic and Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India.
⁵¹ Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
⁵² Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁵³ Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁵⁴ Academic Rheumatology Center, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁵⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Türkiye.
⁵⁶ Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Rome, Italy.
⁵⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Autoimmune and Rare Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁸ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye.
⁵⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Madrid, Spain.
⁶⁰ Unit of Pediatric and Neonatology, Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
⁶¹ Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
⁶² Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico (CTO), Milan, Italy.
⁶³ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁴ Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.
⁶⁵ Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.

PMID: 40809444
PMCID: PMC12345287
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1609613

Predictors of uveitic macular edema and functional prognostic outcomes: real-life data from the international AIDA Network uveitis registry

Jurgen Sota et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025.

. 2025 Jul 30:12:1609613.

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1609613. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.
² Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
³ Department of DiBrain, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
⁴ Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt.
⁶ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.
⁷ Uveitis Unit, Department of Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
⁸ Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹ Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
¹¹ Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain.
¹³ Rheumatology, Allergology, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
¹⁵ U.O. Medicina Generale, Ospedale San Paolo di Civitavecchia, Civitavecchia, Rome, Italy.
¹⁶ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
¹⁷ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸ Unit of Rheumatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
¹⁹ Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Athens, Greece.
²⁰ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
²¹ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy.
²² Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili di Brescia [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy.
²³ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Farhat Hached University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
²⁴ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna-Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
²⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
²⁶ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁸ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁹ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Childhood and Developmental Medicine, Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
³⁰ Department of Rheumatology, Tripoli Children Hospital, Tripoli, Libya.
³¹ Department of Rheumatology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
³² Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
³³ Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
³⁴ Unit of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
³⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt.
³⁶ University Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
³⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
³⁸ U.O.C. Reumatologia, Ospedale San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
⁴⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴¹ Behçet's Disease Research Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴² Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁴³ Department of Pediatrics, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁴⁴ Autoinflammatory Diseases Clinical Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Center of the European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁵ Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) G Martino, Messina, Italy.
⁴⁶ Unit of Rheumatology, Ospedale Sacco, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁷ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁴⁸ UOC Medicina Interna, Ambulatorio di Reumatologia, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy.
⁴⁹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
⁵⁰ Department of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation, Prabha Eye Clinic and Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India.
⁵¹ Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
⁵² Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁵³ Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁵⁴ Academic Rheumatology Center, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁵⁵ Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Türkiye.
⁵⁶ Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Rome, Italy.
⁵⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Autoimmune and Rare Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁸ Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye.
⁵⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Madrid, Spain.
⁶⁰ Unit of Pediatric and Neonatology, Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
⁶¹ Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
⁶² Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico (CTO), Milan, Italy.
⁶³ Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁴ Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.
⁶⁵ Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Siena, Italy.

PMID: 40809444
PMCID: PMC12345287
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1609613

Abstract

Objectives: To detect factors capable of predicting the development of macular edema (ME) throughout the disease course in patients affected by non-infectious uveitis (NIU).

Methods: Predictive factors leading to the development of ME were analyzed through regression analysis. The functional impact of ME on best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was also examined.

Results: A total of 1,160 NIU patients (1,857 eyes) were analyzed. ME was observed in 148 (12.76%), affecting 211 eyes. It was significantly more frequent in patients with non-anterior NIU (p < 0.0001, RR = 4.01), retinal vasculitis (p < 0.0001), and other structural complications (p = 0.0005). Gender, HLA-B*27 and/or HLA-B*51 positivity, and ethnicity did not show any significant impact on the prevalence of ME (p = 0.635, p = 0.372, p = 0.193, respectively). Four variables were associated with ME development during NIU course: the non-anterior anatomical pattern (p < 0.0001, OR = 4.01), the presence of retinal vasculitis (p = 0.028, OR = 1.68), complications other than ME (p = 0.044, OR = 1.51) and immunosuppressive treatment (p = 0.010, OR 1.69) while the diagnosis of Behçet disease-related uveitis was less likely to be associated with ME development (p = 0.24, OR 0.545). Mean ± SD BCVA was significantly lower in eyes with ME (0.82 ± 0.30) compared to eyes without ME (0.71 ± 0.33).

Conclusion: ME can develop across all NIU types, but is more likely in cases involving the posterior segment and retinal vasculitis. Regular and focused monitoring is recommended for these high-risk patients. The study also highlights the limited predictive value of demographic and HLA-related factors, helping refine clinical risk stratification and predictive modeling in NIU.

Keywords: macular edema; registries; retinal vasculitis; uveitis; visual acuity.

Copyright © 2025 Sota, Mejía-Salgado, Guerriero, Ragab, Costi, Paroli, Hinojosa-Azaola, Lopalco, Breda, Giardini, Fonollosa, Chimenti, Vitale, Gaggiano, Aguilar-Barrera, Rodríguez-Camelo, Guaracha-Basañez, Hegazy, Dammacco, Albano, Martín-Nares, Espinosa-Lugo, Ghanema, Morrone, La Bella, Cordeiro, Carubbi, Conforti, Ruscitti, AlMaglouth, Talarico, Gentileschi, Sfikakis, Caggiano, Piga, Civino, Ricci, Thabet, Govoni, Tufan, Crisafulli, Sbalchiero, Al-Mayouf, Mauro, Hashad, Minoia, Olivieri, Tharwat, Maggio, Moshrif, Sebastiani, Opris-Belinski, Hatemi, Direskeneli, Alibaz-Öner, Fotis, Hernández-Rodríguez, Conti, Puttini, Viapiana, Giardina, Barone, Babu, Amin, Kawakami-Campos, Gupta, Iagnocco, Şahin, Insalaco, González-García, Batu, Carreño, Del Giudice, Chighizola, Conti, Balistreri, Frediani, Cantarini, de-la-Torre and Fabiani.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Chart showing the selection process for the patients enrolled. AIDA, Autoinflammatory Disease Alliance; NIU, non-infectious uveitis.

**Figure 2**
Dsitrubtion of age at onset for pre-established age groups, expressed in years.

**Figure 3**
Associated systemic diseases and oculo-specific entities. IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; NIU, non-infectious uveitis; SpA, Spondyloarthritis; TINU, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and Uveitis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; VKH, Vogt-Koyanagi Harada. *Human Leukocyte Antigen-B*27-associated uveitis (n = 6), Birdshot retinochoroiditis (n = 6), Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (n = 4), Serpiginous choroiditis (n = 2), Sympathetic ophthalmia (n = 1), Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) (n = 1), not specified (n = 6).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Predictors of uveitic macular edema and functional prognostic outcomes: real-life data from the international AIDA Network uveitis registry

Affiliations

Predictors of uveitic macular edema and functional prognostic outcomes: real-life data from the international AIDA Network uveitis registry

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

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Research Materials