Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Aug 1:12:1598453.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1598453. eCollection 2025.

Reserve of global constructive work for early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and risk stratification in chronic coronary syndrome

Ruohan Zhao #  1   2   3 , Jing Zhang #  1   2   3 , Yu Xie  1   2   3 , Yuting Tan  1   2   3 , Benling Qi  4 , Lijuan Bai  4 , Jingjing Wu  5 , Min Cheng  5 , Xiang Wang  5 , Qing Lv  1   2   3 , Jing Wang  1   2   3 , Mingxing Xie  1   2   3
Affiliations

Reserve of global constructive work for early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and risk stratification in chronic coronary syndrome

Ruohan Zhao et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Background: In chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), assessing myocardial ischemia is difficult due to its variable severity. Myocardial mechanical parameters are helpful in ischemia detection. This study investigates the use of non-invasive myocardial work (MW) for ischemia detection and risk assessment in CCS patients.

Method: The study included 115 patients (70 men, mean age 61 years) with suspected or diagnosed CCS in the derivation cohort and 62 patients in the validation cohort. All patients underwent regadenoson stress echocardiography, with early ischemia indicated by coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) <2.5. The patients were categorized based on CFVR, and logistic regression was used to assess the association between myocardial work (MW) and ischemia. Model performance was evaluated for accuracy, prediction, and practicality. The risk stratification thresholds were set by sensitivity and specificity.

Results: Of the 115 patients, 48 (41.74%) had myocardial ischemia. MW was more sensitive in detecting ischemia than global longitudinal strain. Multivariate analysis showed that global constructive work reserve (△GCW) was independently correlated with CFVR, with the highest AUC (0.777). A model including △GCW and hemoglobin identified ischemia with a C-index of 0.844 in the derivation cohort and 0.82 in the validation cohort, allowing calculation of the probability of ischemia in CCS. Risk levels were defined by probabilities of 20% (low) and 70% (high).

Conclusion: The incorporation of △GCW and hemoglobin into the prediction model enhances its ability to estimate myocardial ischemia risk. △GCW offered higher sensitivity and incremental diagnostic value in detecting myocardial ischemia in the heterogeneous CCS population.

Keywords: chronic coronary syndrome; coronary flow velocity reserve; myocardial ischemia; myocardial work; stress echocardiography.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Patient flowchart in the study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Demonstration of myocardial work during regadenoson stress. (A) Data from a patient with myocardial ischemia: the top shows myocardial work before stress, and the bottom shows myocardial work after stress. (B) Data from a patient without myocardial ischemia: the top shows myocardial work before stress, and the bottom shows myocardial work after stress.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Evaluation of the model. (A) ROC curve analysis; (B) calibration analysis; (C) decision curve analysis; (D) nomograph; (E) risk stratification of the model.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 update. Circulation. (2016) 133(4):e38–360. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000350 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. (2020) 41(3):407–77. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tonino PAL, Fearon WF, De Bruyne B, Oldroyd KG, Leesar MA, Ver Lee PN, et al. Angiographic versus functional severity of coronary artery stenoses in the FAME study fractional flow reserve versus angiography in multivessel evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2010) 55(25):2816–21. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.096 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zimmermann Frederik M., Ding Victoria Y., Pijls Nico H. J., Piroth Zsolt, van Straten Albert H. M., Szekely Laszlo, Davidavicius Giedrius, et al. 2023. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI or coronary bypass surgery for 3-vessel coronary artery disease: 3-year follow-up of the FAME 3 trial. Circulation 148 (12): 950–58. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065770 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ciampi Q, Zagatina A, Cortigiani L, Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Kasprzak JD, Haberka M, et al. Prognostic value of stress echocardiography assessed by the ABCDE protocol. Eur Heart J. (2021) 42(37):3869–78. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab493 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources