Participation of host cell proteins in inclusion bodies of non-segmented RNA virus infected cells: a molecular insight

Abstract

Negative-sense RNA viruses (NSVs) carrying a non-segmented genome encompass a broad group of viruses responsible for numerous human diseases such as rabies, mumps, measles, respiratory illness and encephalitis. Viruses replicate intracellular and interact with various host proteins to evade the immune response and persist within the host. A salient trait of NSVs is their ability to form cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) which are believed to serve as pivotal sites for viral replication. The formation of viral IBs is a complex process involving the recruitment of viral RNA and its proteins along with cellular components. These different constituents of IBs fulfil diverse roles depending on the structure and composition which remains specific to each virus. Therefore, understanding the viral strategies underlying IB formation is imperative. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between virus-induced IBs and host cell factors. This review aims to summarize how cellular factors participate in the formation of distinct viral IBs among non-segmented NSVs.

Keywords: Double-stranded RNA; Inclusion bodies; Intrinsically disordered regions; Liquid-Liquid phase separation; Non-segmented negative sense RNA virus; RNA binding domain; RNA binding proteins; Stress granules.

Fig. 1

Classification of non-segmented RNA viruses [24, 25]

Fig. 2

IBs or SGs formation in Vero Cell. (a) VeroE6 cells immunostaining with anti-TIA-1 (red) and anti-PABP-1 (green) show SGs formation induced by Sodium arsenite in the lower panel, while the upper panel shows control cells. The nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst dye. The white arrow points to the SGs. Scale bar = 10 μm. (b, c) CHPV-infected cells form Viral IBs. CHPV-infected Vero E6 cells showing IBs immunostaining with anti-CHPV-N (green) and/ or with anti-CHPV-L (red) and their co-localization with SG protein TIA-1 (red). The nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst dye. The white arrow indicates IBs. The white arrow indicates IBs. Scale bar = 10 μm

Fig. 3

Summary of host and viral factors involved in Rhabdovirus inclusion bodies formation

Fig. 4

Summary of host and viral factors involved in Filovirus inclusion bodies formation

Fig. 5

Summary of host and viral factors involved in Paramyxovirus inclusion bodies formation

Fig. 6

Summary of host and viral factors involved in Pneumovirus inclusion bodies formation

Fig. 7

Summary of host and viral factors involved in Bornavirus inclusion bodies formation