Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Aug 18;44(1):296.
doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-01029-4.

Burden of opioid use disorder in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): findings from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study

Mohammad Effatpanah  1 , Homa Seyedmirzaei  2 , Hossein Karami  3 , Pegah Rasoulian  4 , Reza Mehrizi  3 , Khashayar Danandeh  4 , Leila Ghamkhar  3 , Zeynab Efatpanah  5 , Amin Nakhostin-Ansari  6
Affiliations

Burden of opioid use disorder in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): findings from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study

Mohammad Effatpanah et al. J Health Popul Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: Opioid Use Disorders (OUDs) present critical health challenges across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The primary objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and burden of OUDs within the MENA region.

Methods: In the current study, we used the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study data. In the GBD study, OUDs were defined as the ICD-10 codes of F11.0-F11.9, P96.1, and R78.1 and the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) code of 304.00. We retrieved the prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) crude rates and age-standardized rates for OUDs throughout MENA countries, the MENA area, and globally, across years (from 1990 to 2019), genders, and age groups.

Results: Age-standardized DALY rate of OUDs in MENA increased by 40.6%, from 104.4 (95% UI: 78.2-136.0) in 1990 to 147.0 (95% UI: 111.8-187.7) per 100,000 people in 2019. In 2019, the highest DALY rate of OUDs for both males (411.3 per 100000) and females (330.2 per 100000) and in total (372.3 per 100000) was in the 25-29 years age group. In 2019, the highest age-standardized DALY rates of OUDs were UAE (373.9 per 100000, 95% UI: 278.2-481.7), Libya (341.1 per 100000, 95% UI: 248.9-435.8), and Iran (281.5 per 100000, 95% UI: 221.1-349.0). Age-standardized DALY rates decreased in Qatar (-10.2%) and Iraq (-1.9%) from 1990 to 2019. While, age-standardized DALY rates increased in other countries, with the highest increases being in Libya (167.3%), Lebanon (121.1%), and UAE (113.31%).

Conclusions: The burden of OUDs has increased from 1990 to 2019 in the MENA region. These results necessitate new governmental policies and global collaborations to effectively control opioid production and trafficking and manage their negative health-related outcomes.

Keywords: Burden; Epidemiology; Middle east; North africa; Opioid use disorders.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: N/A. Consent for publication: N/A. Competing interests: ANA is an editor of the Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, and one of the editors of the collection, Non-Communicable Diseases, Challenges and Solution, but he had no role in the peer review process of this paper. Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Age-standardized prevalence (A), death (B), and DALY (C) rates of opioid use disorders in MENA across genders from 1990 to 2019
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prevalence, death, and DALY rates of opioid use disorders across genders and age groups in MENA in 1990 and 2019
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Prevalence, death, and DALY rates of opioid use disorders across MENA countries in MENA in 1990 and 2019
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Association between age-standardized DALY rates and SDI values in MENA countries from 1990 to 2019
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Duarte DF. Opium and opioids: a brief history. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia. 2005;55:135–46. - PubMed
    1. Brownstein MJ. A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993;90(12):5391–3. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Mathers B, Hall WD, Flaxman AD, Johns N, et al. The global epidemiology and burden of opioid dependence: results from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Addiction. 2014;109(8):1320–33. - PubMed
    1. Lovrecic B, Lovrecic M, Gabrovec B, Carli M, Pacini M, Maremmani AG, et al. Non-medical use of novel synthetic opioids: a new challenge to public health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(2):177. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Kasper ZA. Increases in self-reported Fentanyl use among a population entering drug treatment: the need for systematic surveillance of illicitly manufactured opioids. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;177:101–3. - PubMed