Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions

Patrick Y Wen¹, Michael Weller², Eudocia Q Lee¹, Mehdi Touat³, Mustafa Khasraw⁴, Rifaquat Rahman⁵, Michael Platten⁶, Michael Lim⁷, Frank Winkler^{8

9

10}, Craig Horbinski¹¹, Roel G W Verhaak¹², Raymond Y Huang¹³, Manmeet S Ahluwalia¹⁴, Nathalie L Albert¹⁵, Joerg-Christian Tonn¹⁶, David Schiff¹⁷, Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan¹⁸, Quinn Ostrom¹⁹, Kenneth D Aldape²⁰, Tracy T Batchelor²¹, Ranjit S Bindra²², E Antonio Chiocca²³, Timothy F Cloughesy²⁴, John F DeGroot²⁵, Pim French²⁶, Evanthia Galanis²⁷, Norbert Galldiks^{28

29

30}, Mark R Gilbert³¹, Monika E Hegi³², Andrew B Lassman³³, Emilie Le Rhun³⁴, Minesh P Mehta³⁵, Ingo K Mellinghoff³⁶, Giuseppe Minniti³⁷, Patrick Roth², Marc Sanson³, Martin J B Taphoorn Andreas³⁸, von Deimling Tobias Weiss³⁹, Wolfgang Wick², Gelareh Zadeh⁴⁰, David A Reardon⁴¹, Susan M Chang¹, Susan C Short⁴², Martin J van den Bent⁴³, Matthias Preusser^{26

44}

Affiliations

¹ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
² Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Service de Neuro-oncologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France.
⁴ The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁸ National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹ German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹² Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹³ Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁴ Division of Medical Oncology, Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery Klinikum Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁷ Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸ Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁰ Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²¹ Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²² Departments of Therapeutic Radiology, Pathology, and Neurosugery, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²³ Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁴ University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁵ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁷ Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²⁸ Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Germany.
²⁹ Insitute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³¹ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
³² Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³³ Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA.
³⁴ Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Florida International University, Baptist Health, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida, USA.
³⁶ Department of Neurology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
³⁷ Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, and CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg University & German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
⁴² Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco California, USA.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, St James's University Hospital and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁴⁴ Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

PMID: 40827022
PMCID: PMC12908567 (available on 2026-08-13)
DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaf177

Review

Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions

Patrick Y Wen et al. Neuro Oncol. 2025.

. 2025 Nov 1;27(11):2751-2788.

doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noaf177.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
² Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Service de Neuro-oncologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France.
⁴ The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁸ National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹ German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹² Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹³ Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁴ Division of Medical Oncology, Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery Klinikum Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁷ Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
¹⁸ Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁰ Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
²¹ Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²² Departments of Therapeutic Radiology, Pathology, and Neurosugery, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²³ Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁴ University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁵ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁷ Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
²⁸ Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Germany.
²⁹ Insitute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³¹ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
³² Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³³ Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA.
³⁴ Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Florida International University, Baptist Health, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida, USA.
³⁶ Department of Neurology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
³⁷ Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, and CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg University & German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
⁴² Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco California, USA.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, St James's University Hospital and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁴⁴ Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

PMID: 40827022
PMCID: PMC12908567 (available on 2026-08-13)
DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaf177

Abstract

Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In 2021, the World Health Organization updated the classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors to restrict glioblastomas to isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype (IDHwt) tumors, improving understanding of the prognosis and optimal therapy for these tumors. This revision also enables more homogeneous populations of patients to be enrolled in clinical trials, facilitating the evaluation of novel therapies. In this updated consensus review from the Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO), the current management of patients with glioblastoma is discussed. In addition, novel therapies such as immunotherapies, viral therapies, targeted molecular therapies, theranostics, and antibody-drug conjugates will be reviewed, as well as the current challenges and future directions for research.

Keywords: EANO; Glioblastoma; SNO; novel therapies; standard therapies.

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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References

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Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions

Affiliations

Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical