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. 2025 Aug 20;15(1):30483.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16588-z.

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and snoring in adults in Northern sudan: a matched case-control study

Hiba Elhag  1 , Ahmed A Hassan  2 , Hatim Y Alharbi  3 , Ishag Adam  4
Affiliations

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and snoring in adults in Northern sudan: a matched case-control study

Hiba Elhag et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and snoring is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and snoring in adults in Sudan. A community-based matched case-control (for age and sex) study was conducted in the Wad Hamid district in northern Sudan. The cases (98) comprised adults who snored, and the controls (140) were non-snoring adults. A questionnaire was used to collect the sociodemographic data, and serum 25(OH)D was measured. Multivariate binary regression (conditional) analysis was performed. Compared with the controls, snoring adults had lower 25(OH)D levels (14.0 [10.4‒20.9] vs. 15.6 [11.8‒22.9], P = 0.016) ng/ml. More snoring adults had vitamin D deficiency compared to the controls (74.5% vs. 60.7%, P = 0.026). Serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with snoring in adults (AOR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.99), vitamin D deficiency increased the odds of snoring (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.07-3.33). Age, sex, education, and body mass index were not associated with snoring. The study revealed a significant positive association between vitamin D deficiency and snoring in adults. This supports the literature, suggesting that adequate vitamin D is needed to prevent snoring and its complications.

Keywords: Age; Snoring; Sudan; Vitamin d.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participants: This study was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical research practices. This study received ethical approval from the research ethics committee of the ethics board of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (on 18 September 2021, # 9, 2021). All participants signed a written informed consent form. The authors followed all measures to ensure the participants’ privacy, confidentiality, and safety, such as excluding personal identifiers during the data collection. All methods and procedures used in this study were carried out in accordance with appropriate guidelines and regulations.

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