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. 2025 Jul;32(34):20478-20495.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-36873-8. Epub 2025 Aug 19.

Facile development of platinum-ruthenium and carbon nanotube-based anodes for electrochemical degradation of phenol

Nhat Huy Luan  1 , Chiung-Fen Chang  2 , Zih-Jyun Chen  3
Affiliations

Facile development of platinum-ruthenium and carbon nanotube-based anodes for electrochemical degradation of phenol

Nhat Huy Luan et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

This study focuses on the synthesis of active anodes by using platinum-ruthenium and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the electrochemical oxidation of the organic pollutant phenol. CNTs were grown on a carbon fiber (CF) as the substrate through catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Then, these CNT/CF substrates were coated with Pt, RuPt alloy, and Ru@Pt core-shell nanoparticles to produce a series of anodes such as CNT/TiNi-CF, Pt-CNT/TiNi-CF, RuPt-CNT/TiNi-CF, and Ru@Pt-CNT/TiNi-CF. The properties of the obtained electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CV and EIS analyses revealed that Ru@Pt-CNT/TiNi-CF had the highest specific area-normalized capacitance of 3.83 × 10-2 F cm-2, along with the lowest polarization resistance of 135.7 Ω . Furthermore, Ru@Pt-CNT/TiNi-CF demonstrated superior electrochemical oxidation performance, with a degradation efficiency of 99.87% and a mineralization efficiency of 50.93%. Stability tests confirmed the excellent reusability of all the electrodes even after eight cycles. These findings highlight the promising electrochemical catalytic properties of the synthesized electrodes for the degradation and mineralization of phenol as an organic pollutant index, thereby confirming their great potential for practical applications in the future.

Keywords: Carbon fiber; Carbon nanotubes; Electrochemical oxidation; Mineralization; Pt; Ru.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: This is not applicable. Consent to participate: All authors participated, read, and approved the final manuscript. Consent for publication: All authors approved the submission and publication of this paper to the Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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