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. 2025 Aug 20;118(9):134.
doi: 10.1007/s10482-025-02148-y.

Metagenomic profiling of pigeon faecal microbiota: insights into microbial diversity, pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance genes

Gui Ying Fong  1 , Kok Gan Chan  2   3 , Wei Lim Goh  1 , Moh Lan Yap  4
Affiliations

Metagenomic profiling of pigeon faecal microbiota: insights into microbial diversity, pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance genes

Gui Ying Fong et al. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. .

Abstract

Rock pigeon (Columba livia) droppings harbour diverse microorganisms, including potential pathogens. This study utilised shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyse pigeon faecal microbiota and identify potential pathogens. Fresh faecal samples (273) were collected within Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar campus, Malaysia. Total genome and viral genomes were extracted and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Taxonomic assignment, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene detection, and viral genome assembly were conducted using the CZ ID platform. The microbial diversity was predominated by bacteria, followed by eukaryotic viruses and fungi, with no archaea were detected. Pseudomonadota (84.44%) and Bacillota (15.26%) were the predominant bacterial phyla, with Pseudomonadota being 5.5 times more abundant, indicating potential enteric-like issues within the pigeon flocks. Approximately 5.11% of the bacterial community (comprising 38 species), was identified as potential pathogens, could primarily cause human enteric and respiratory infections. Nineteen AMR genes were detected, primarily associated with pathogenic Shigella, Salmonella, and Klebsiella. The presence of AMR genes and possible co-circulation among pathogenic bacteria impose the risk of emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nine avian virus species were detected. The predominant DNA virus, pigeon circovirus (73.23%) could cause immunosuppression, predisposing pigeons to secondary infections by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and rotaviruses. The predominant RNA virus, rotaviruses (80.43%) could cause enteric diseases in both humans and birds. The fungal community comprised Kazachstania (94.11%) and Trichosporon (3.56%), with K. bovina and T. asahii identified as human pathogens. This study highlights the compelling need for effective pigeon control in dining areas, ventilation systems, and healthcare facilities.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance gene; Faecal microbiota; Pathogens; Pigeon; Shotgun metagenomic; Zoonotic infection.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

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