Adenosine kinase and ADAL coordinate detoxification of modified adenosines to safeguard metabolism

Abstract

RNA contains diverse post-transcriptional modifications, and its catabolic breakdown yields numerous modified nucleosides requiring correct processing, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that three RNA-derived modified adenosines, N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), N⁶,N⁶-dimethyladenosine (m^6,6A), and N⁶-isopentenyladenosine (i⁶A), are sequentially metabolized into inosine monophosphate (IMP) to mitigate their intrinsic cytotoxicity. After phosphorylation by adenosine kinase (ADK), they undergo deamination by adenosine deaminase-like (ADAL). In Adal knockout mice, N⁶-modified adenosine monophosphates (AMPs) accumulate and allosterically inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), dysregulating glucose metabolism. Furthermore, ADK deficiency, linked to human inherited disorders of purine metabolism, elevates levels of the three modified adenosines, resulting in early lethality in mice. Mechanistically, excessive m⁶A, m^6,6A, and i⁶A impair lysosomal function by interfering with lysosomal membrane proteins, thereby disrupting lipid metabolism and causing cellular toxicity. Through this nucleotide metabolism pathway and mechanism, cells detoxify modified adenosines, linking modified RNA metabolism to human disease.

Keywords: ADAL; ADK; AMP-activated protein kinase; AMPK; Adenosine deaminase-like; Adenosine kinase; Lipid metabolism; Lysosome; Modified RNA metabolism; Purine metabolism; RNA modification; m(6)A.