Conflict of interest: F. Gonnelli reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, and support for attending meetings from Vivisol srl. H. Heatley is an employee of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute. U. Smith is an employee of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute. N. Eleangovan is an employee of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute. V. Navarantam reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, and support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim and Bristol Myers Squibb. J. Townend is an employee of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute. T.J. Corte reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos and Biogen, consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Vicore, DevPro, Endeavour and Pliant, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, support for attending meetings from Bristol Myers Squibb, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Bristol Myers Squibb, Vicore, DevPro, Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche, and a leadership role with Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. D.B. Price owns 74% of the social enterprise Optimum Patient Care Ltd (Australia and UK) and 92.61% of Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd (Singapore), reports grants from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Viatris, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, the UK National Health Service, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Viatris and Teva Pharmaceuticals, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, Inside Practice, GlaxoSmithKline, Medscape, Viatris, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme and Teva Pharmaceuticals, payment for expert testimony from GlaxoSmithKline, support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Medscape and Teva Pharmaceuticals, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Viatris and Teva Pharmaceuticals. V. Carter is an employee of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute. M. Bonifazi reports grants, support for attending meetings, and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Boehringer Ingelheim. C.C. Fermoyle has no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. R. Hubbard reports support for attending meetings from OPRI, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Galapagos and AstraZeneca.