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. 2025 Dec;36(12):1705-1717.
doi: 10.1007/s10552-025-02049-5. Epub 2025 Aug 23.

Knowledge of human papillomavirus and self-sampling, including vaccination practices among female students in Free State, South Africa

Teboho Amelia Tiiti  1 , Omololu Aluko  2 , Claire Barrett  3
Affiliations

Knowledge of human papillomavirus and self-sampling, including vaccination practices among female students in Free State, South Africa

Teboho Amelia Tiiti et al. Cancer Causes Control. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Background and aim: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers, especially cervical cancer, remain highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, despite the availability of preventive measures such as vaccination and self-sampling screening, due to limited HPV awareness. The study aimed to assess the knowledge of HPV, HPV vaccination practices, and HPV self-sampling awareness and perceptions among female students at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Methods: Data were collected from female university students through a self-administered questionnaire distributed via the secure web-based platform Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). HPV infection and vaccination knowledge were measured using a self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge was assessed by assigning one (1) point for each correct answer, while incorrect or "don't know" responses received a score of zero (0). A knowledge score above 75% was categorized as "good knowledge." The data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4.

Results: The study included 381 participants with a median age (interquartile range, IQR) of 23.0 (20-26) years. The findings showed that while 40.9% of participants had good knowledge of HPV infection, only 9.7% demonstrated good knowledge of HPV vaccination, and 13.3% had good overall knowledge. Only 13.4% of participants reported having received the HPV vaccine, while 19.1% expressed unwillingness to receive the vaccine. Barriers to vaccine uptake included lack of information about the HPV vaccine (46.0%) and safety concerns (46.0%). The majority (78.2%) were unaware of HPV self-sampling. Having heard about HPV self-sampling was predictive for HPV knowledge (OR: 2.684, 95% CI: 1.389-5.188, p = 0.003).

Conclusion: These findings suggest that while some participants are informed about HPV infection, the majority are not well-informed about HPV vaccination and are unaware of HPV self-sampling. Additionally, barriers to HPV vaccination persist. Targeted educational interventions are needed to address awareness and knowledge gaps and vaccine hesitancy. These interventions could significantly improve HPV and cervical cancer prevention outcomes.

Keywords: Human papillomavirus; Knowledge; Public health; Self-sampling; Vaccination.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of the Free State Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (UFS HSREC) (HSD2023/2368/2702). Institutional gatekeepers also granted permission to conduct the research. Consent to participate: Participation was voluntary, and implicit consent was inferred upon survey completion. Consent for publication: Not Applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge scores among female students at the University of the Free State, n = 381
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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