Is bisphenol A sorbed onto microplastics less bioavailable than freely dissolved bisphenol A? Implications for the gut health in a murine model

Affiliations

¹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
² FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
³ Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁴ Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁵ Research Group on Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
⁶ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
⁷ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Research Group on Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Renal Lithiasis and Pathological Calcification Group (LiRCaP), Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Renal Lithiasis and Pathological Calcification Group (LiRCaP), Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. Electronic address: josep.mercader@uib.es.
¹⁰ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: antoni.sureda@uib.es.
¹¹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.miro@uib.es.

PMID: 40850458
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127019

Free article

Is bisphenol A sorbed onto microplastics less bioavailable than freely dissolved bisphenol A? Implications for the gut health in a murine model

Llucia García-Moll et al. Environ Pollut. 2025.

Free article

. 2025 Aug 22:385:127019.

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127019. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
² FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
³ Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁴ Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁵ Research Group on Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
⁶ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
⁷ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Research Group on Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Renal Lithiasis and Pathological Calcification Group (LiRCaP), Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
⁹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Renal Lithiasis and Pathological Calcification Group (LiRCaP), Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. Electronic address: josep.mercader@uib.es.
¹⁰ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: antoni.sureda@uib.es.
¹¹ FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Molecular Biology, Health Geography, and One Health Research Group (MolONE), Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.miro@uib.es.

PMID: 40850458
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127019

Abstract

There is a paucity of in vivo assays to investigate the potential deleterious effects of plastic-laden compounds in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, compared to in vitro testing and ecotoxicity assays in marine organisms. This work aims to fill this gap through a comprehensive evaluation of the acute toxicokinetics and bioavailability of bisphenol A (BPA)-adsorbed medium-density polyethylene (PE) microplastics (MPs) (ca. 3000 μg BPA/g), with a mean particle size of 136 μm, which were administered via oral gavage at a mere 0.67 mg BPA/kg body weight for 24 h using a murine model. The determination of plasma BPA-glucuronide revealed that BPA associated with MPs (PE-BPA) is bioavailable to a similar extent to that of freely dissolved BPA, with Area Under the Curves (AUC) values of 1249 ± 182 and 928 ± 276 μg h·L^-1 for the 0 → 6 h interval (AUC_0→6h), and 3586 ± 526 and 2325 ± 634 μg h·L^-1 for the 0 → 24 h interval (AUC_0→24h), corresponding to PE-BPA and free BPA, respectively. Several biomarker assays of the small intestine and liver, and the investigation of the gut barrier function were conducted to elucidate the potential deleterious effects of PE-BPA as compared to BPA and PE alone. Acute exposure to PE-BPA increased the expression of the detoxification biomarkers multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2b1 (UGT2b1) in the jejunum, particularly when PE and BPA occurred together, likely due to the extended intestinal residence time of the BPA-laden MPs. Oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase activity, and inflammatory responses, evaluated by myeloperoxidase activity, were also elevated in the PE-BPA group, suggesting a defensive response but without evidence of oxidative damage as determined by the malondialdehyde levels. In conclusion, the findings suggest that BPA associated with MPs exhibits similar bioavailability than that of freely dissolved BPA, with the subsequent activation of detoxification pathways and inflammatory responses.

Keywords: Bioavailability; Bisphenol A; Gut physiology; Microplastic; Murine model; Oxidative stress.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Is bisphenol A sorbed onto microplastics less bioavailable than freely dissolved bisphenol A? Implications for the gut health in a murine model

Affiliations

Is bisphenol A sorbed onto microplastics less bioavailable than freely dissolved bisphenol A? Implications for the gut health in a murine model

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Full Text Sources

Research Materials

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