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. 2025 Aug 8:16:1625294.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1625294. eCollection 2025.

Nature-based interventions: a systematic review of reviews

Branislav Kaleta  1 , Stephen Campbell  1 , Jimmy O'Keeffe  2 , Jolanta Burke  1
Affiliations

Nature-based interventions: a systematic review of reviews

Branislav Kaleta et al. Front Psychol. .

Abstract

Background: Nature-based interventions are emerging as an alternative to therapeutic approaches aimed to reduce and prevent mental and physical ailments. However, little is known of the types of interventions available to use by healthcare professionals. This systematic review of reviews aimed to classify and categorise different types of Nature-Based Interventions (NBIs) which currently exist under different names and approaches. The second aim of our review was to explore the mediating and moderating factors impacting NBI effectiveness.

Methods: The systematic review used the narrative synthesis approach following the PRISMA guidelines, using the following databases: Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and included only peer-reviewed review articles in English which explored Nature Based Interventions (NBIs), excluding animal-based interventions. The quality review was conducted using AMSTAR-2.

Results: The review included a total of 61 reviews of NBIs, covering 13 different categories of NBIs: nature-based interventions, horticulture, nature exposure, green exercise, wilderness and adventure therapy, forest therapy, blue space interventions, care farming, nature play, nature-based education, environmental volunteerism, immersive nature experiences, and caring for country. Furthermore, 11 moderating and mediating factors influencing NBI effectiveness were identified: social, physical activity, age, nature connectedness, duration and frequency, gender, symptom severity, environment type, participant motivation and preference, challenge confrontation, and autonomy, responsibility, and skill and knowledge acquisition.

Conclusion: The current review found a wide variety of NBIs, showcasing the many different options available to individuals and healthcare professionals offering accessible and cost-effective NBIs. Moreover, the moderating and mediating factors identified in our review will help future researchers, healthcare professionals, and practitioners consider these factors when evaluating the effectiveness of NBIs.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023491598), identifier (CRD42023491598).

Keywords: blue space interventions; forest bathing; green space interventions; horticulture; nature; nature-based interventions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram of the systematic review process.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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