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Review
. 2025 Jul 22;17(7):e88530.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.88530. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Pre-participation Evaluation in Recreational High-Intensity Sports: A Literature Review

Affiliations
Review

Pre-participation Evaluation in Recreational High-Intensity Sports: A Literature Review

Smita Kanase et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to examine the development, validity, and reliability of pre-participation evaluation (PPE) in recreational athletes engaged in high-intensity sports (HISs). Recreational athletes, who participate in sports for enjoyment, fitness, and social engagement, are increasingly involved in high-energy activities such as swimming, tennis, and badminton. PPE is essential for identifying potential health risks, assessing fitness levels, and ensuring that athletes are physically prepared for the demands of these sports. This review highlights various PPE components, including medical history, physical examination, sport-specific assessments, and psychological readiness, with an emphasis on minimizing injury risk and optimizing performance. It also addresses implementation challenges, such as lack of awareness, misinterpretation of results, and the need for sport-specific evaluations. While current PPE practices offer significant benefits, limitations such as reliance on static assessments and the need for more dynamic evaluations are noted. The review concludes that integrating advanced technologies, such as wearable devices and real-time data analytics, could enhance the effectiveness of PPE protocols and improve injury prevention in recreational HISs. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for personalized and tailored PPE procedures to better serve the diverse needs of recreational athletes.

Keywords: cardiovascular fitness (cvf); high-intensity sports; medical history; physical fitness; pre-participation evaluation; recreational sports; relevant physical examination; sports-specific assessment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

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