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Review
. 2025 Jul 28;17(8):371.
doi: 10.3390/toxins17080371.

Animal Venom in Modern Medicine: A Review of Therapeutic Applications

Euikyung Kim  1   2 , Du Hyeon Hwang  1   2 , Ramachandran Loganathan Mohan Prakash  1 , Ravi Deva Asirvatham  1 , Hyunkyoung Lee  1 , Yunwi Heo  1 , Al Munawir  3 , Ramin Seyedian  4 , Changkeun Kang  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Animal Venom in Modern Medicine: A Review of Therapeutic Applications

Euikyung Kim et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Animal venoms are complex biochemical secretions rich in highly potent and selective bioactive molecules, including peptides, enzymes, and small organic compounds. Once associated primarily with toxicity, these venoms are now recognized as a promising source of therapeutic agents for a wide range of medical conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological potential of venom-derived compounds, highlighting their mechanisms of action, such as ion channel modulation, receptor targeting, and enzyme inhibition. Successful venom-derived drugs like captopril and ziconotide exemplify the translational potential of this biological arsenal. We discuss therapeutic applications in cardiovascular diseases, chronic pain, cancer, thrombosis, and infectious diseases, as well as emerging peptide candidates in clinical development. Technological advancements in omics, structural biology, and synthetic peptide engineering have significantly enhanced the discovery and optimization of venom-based therapeutics. Despite challenges related to stability, immunogenicity, and ecological sustainability, the integration of AI-driven drug discovery and personalized medicine is expected to accelerate progress in this field. By synthesizing current findings and future directions, this review underscores the transformative potential of animal venoms in modern pharmacotherapy and drug development. We also discuss current therapeutic limitations and how venom-derived compounds may address unmet needs in specific disorders.

Keywords: animal venom; bioactive compounds; captopril; drug discovery; ion channels; therapeutics; venom peptides; ziconotide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of venom-based drug discovery pipeline.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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